Kubudirira kwechiHindu muSouth Asia
Pendauluan
ChiHindu, chinowanzonzi chitendero chekare kupfuura zvimwe zvose pasi rose, chine nhoroondo yakapfuma uye yakaoma yezviuru zvemakore. Hachina kungobatsira chete mukuumba tsika nezvematongerwo enyika zveSouth Asia, asi chakabatsirawo zvikuru mukukura kwemhando dzakasiyana dzeunyanzvi, mabhuku, uye uzivi. Chinyorwa chino chinangwa chekuongorora kukura kwechiHindu muSouth Asia, kubva pamavambo acho kusvika pabasa racho munyika yanhasi.
Mavambo uye Mavambo
ChiHindu chinotendwa kuti chakatangira muIndus Valley budiriro, iyo yakabudirira munenge muna 2000 BC. Humbowo hwezvakacherwa mumatongo hunoratidza tsika dzechitendero dzairatidza zvinhu zvaizova musimboti wechiHindu, zvakaita sekunamata vanamwari chaivo uye kushandiswa kwezviratidzo zvitsvene. Zvisinei, chiHindu sezvatinochiziva nhasi chinotaurwa nemazvo kuti chakatanga munguva yeVedic (1500–500 BC), apo maVeda, magwaro matsvene ekare echitendero, akaunganidzwa.
Zvinyorwa zveVedic, zvinosanganisira Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda, uye Atharvaveda, zvinopa ruzivo rwakadzama pamusoro petsika, uzivi, uye cosmology zvinoumba musimboti wetsika iyi yechitendero. Kuunganidzwa kweUpanishads, inozivikanwa sechikamu chekupedzisira cheVedas, kwakaunza pfungwa dzeuzivi dzakadai seBrahman (chokwadi chekupedzisira) naAtman (mweya wega wega), izvo zvakazova hwaro hwezvikoro zvakasiyana-siyana zvepfungwa mukati meHinduism yakatevera.
Nguva dzeEpic nedzekare
Nguva inotevera nguva yeVedic inozivikanwa seEpic neClassical, inotangira muzana remakore rechi5 BC kusvika muzana remakore rechi9 AD. Nguva iyi inoonekwa nekuumbwa kwema epic maviri makuru, Mahabharata neRamayana, ayo asiri mabhuku akakosha chete asiwo anopa dzidziso dzakadzama dzetsika nedzechitendero. Bhagavad Gita, chikamu cheMahabharata, ibhuku reuzivi rinoremekedzwa zvikuru rine dzidziso pamusoro pekarma (chiito), dharma (basa), uye bhakti (kuzvipira).
Munguva iyi, chiHindu chakasangana nekufambira mberi mutsika netsika dzechitendero. Kunamatwa kwevanamwari chaivo, vakaita saVishnu, Shiva, naDevi, kwakawedzera kukurumbira, nekukura kwemapoka akadai seVaishnavism, Shaivism, uye Shaktism. Uyezve, kuvakwa kwematemberi akanaka kwakatanga kubudirira, zvichisimbisa basa rechitendero muhupenyu hwemagariro evanhu nehwezvematongerwo enyika munharaunda.
Simba reUmambo uye Kupararira kweDunhu
Nekumuka kwemadzimambo makuru akadai seMauryan, Gupta, neChola, chiHindu chakawana rutsigiro rwehumambo, izvo zvakabatsira kupararira nekusimbaradza muSouth Asia yese. Humambo hweMauryan pasi paAshoka, kunyange hwaizivikanwa nekutsigira chiBuddha, hwakaitawo basa mukupararira kwechiHindu kuburikidza nezvinyorwa nezviratidzo.
Humambo hwaGupta, hunoonekwa se "Nguva Yegoridhe" yechiHindu, hwakaona kufambira mberi kukuru muhunyanzvi, mabhuku, nesainzi. Zvifananidzo zvakavezwa zvevamwari vechiHindu nemagwaro akakosha akadai seKamasutra nePuranas zvinobva munguva iyi, zvichiratidza kuti chitendero chakapesvedzera sei hupenyu hwezuva nezuva.
Kupararira kwechiHindu hakuna kungogumira muIndia chete. Kuburikidza nekutengeserana nemabasa etsika, dzidziso dzechiHindu dzakasvika kunzvimbo dzakadai seIndonesia, Cambodia, neThailand, uko zvinhu zvechiHindu zvichiripo mutsika dzemuno nanhasi.
Nguva yeMiddle Ages uye Mhedzisiro yeIslam
Makore epakati akaona dambudziko guru kuHindu nekusvika kwemadzimambo echiMuslim akaumba humambo hwakasiyana-siyana muIndia, hwakadai seDelhi Sultanate neMughal Empire. Kunyangwe dzimwe nguva dzehutongi hwechiIslam dzaive nekurwisana uye kupambwa kwenzvimbo tsvene dzechiHindu, paivewo nenguva dzekubatana uye kugadzirisa tsika, vamwe vatongi vechiMuslim vachitsigira kuvaka temberi nemabasa echitendero.
Munguva iyi, chiHindu chakaonawo kusimuka kwesangano reBhakti, iro rakasimudzira kuzvipira kwemunhu kuna mwari chaiye kuburikidza nenhetembo nenziyo. Vanhu vakaita saKabir, Tulsidas, naMirabai vakataura dzidziso dzakabatana uye dzakakurumbira, vachikwezva vateveri vanobva kumativi ese ehupenyu.
Nguva yeColonial uye Kumuka Kwemazuva Ano
Nekutanga kwenguva yekoloni muzana remakore rechi17, chiHindu chakatarisana nematambudziko matsva nekushanduka. Kutongwa kweBritain kwakaunza shanduko huru muchimiro chemagariro evanhu nehupfumi hweIndia, uye vazivi vechiHindu vakatanga kugadzirisa nekuchinja dzidziso dzavo dzechinyakare kuti vasangane nematambudziko emazuva ano. Vagadzirisi vakaita saRaja Ram Mohan Roy naSwami Vivekananda vakaita basa rakakosha mukuisa chiHindu pasi rose, ukuwo vachisimbisawo shanduko dzemagariro evanhu dzakadai sekubviswa kwesati nedzidzo yevakadzi.
Munguva iyi ndakaonawo kubuda kwemasangano erudzi aishandisa hunhu hwechiHindu senzira yekurwisa hutongi hweBritain. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru naMahatma Gandhi, kunyange zvazvo vakanga vasina hukama hwenyika mumaonero avo ezvematongerwo enyika, vaiwanzoshandisa dzidziso dzechiHindu kukurudzira mweya wekuzvimiririra pakati pevanhu.
ChiHindu Munyika Yazvino
Nhasi, chiHindu chinoramba chichichinja uye chichienderana nenguva dziri kuchinja. MuIndia, chiHindu chinosangana nematambudziko akaomarara ekuvandudza magariro evanhu uye kudyidzana kwenyika, asi chinoramba chichiita basa guru muhupenyu hwemazuva ese hwemamiriyoni evanhu. Kuvakwa kwematemberi emazuva ano uye kupembererwa kwemitambo mikuru yakaita seDiwali neHoli zvinoratidza simba rechitendero mumamiriro ezvinhu emazuva ano.
Uyezve, kupararira kwevaHindu pasi rose kwakabatsira kusimudzira nekuparadzira dzidziso dzechitendero ichi munyika dzakasiyana-siyana. MuUnited States, United Kingdom, Canada, nedzimwe nyika, nharaunda dzevaHindu dziri kubudirira, dzichivaka matembere, nzvimbo dzetsika, nemasangano emagariro evanhu anokurudzira tsika dzechiHindu uye anobatsira kuchengetedza hunhu hwavo hwetsika.
Mhedziso
Kukura kwechiHindu muSouth Asia inyaya refu, inosanganisira zviuru zvemakore zvekushanduka kwetsika, zvematongerwo enyika, uye zvemweya. Kubva pakwakatangira muIndus Valley kusvika pabasa rayo munyika yanhasi, chiHindu chakaratidza kugona kukuru kwekuchinja uye kusimba. Pasinei nematambudziko akawanda, chitendero ichi chinoramba chiri simba guru mukuumba hunhu nehupenyu hwevanhu muSouth Asia nepasi rose. Kuburikidza nekudzidza nekukoshesa tsika iyi, tinogona kuwana nzwisiso yakadzama pamusoro pezvakamboitika uye remangwana rechitendero ichi chakapfuma uye chakasiyana-siyana.
