Kukosha kweChiziviso cheAmerica cheKuzvimirira
Chiziviso cheKuzvitonga cheUnited States, chakaziviswa musi wa4 Chikunguru, 1776, ndechimwe chezvinyorwa zvezvematongerwo enyika zvine simba guru munhoroondo yemazuva ano. Chaive chinopfuura kungoti kuziviswa kwekuparadzaniswa kwemakoloni gumi nematatu kubva kuBritain, asi kutaura misimboti ine chekuita nekodzero dzevanhu, manyuko emutemo wehurumende, uye miganhu yesimba renyika. Kukosha kweChiziviso cheKuzvitonga cheAmerica kunogona kuonekwa mumhedzisiro yacho pakuzvarwa kwerudzi rutsva, kukura kwepfungwa dzedemocracy, uye simba rayo kunze kweAmerica, zvichikurudzira rusununguko nemafambiro ekodzero dzevanhu pasi rose.
Nhoroondo uye mamiriro ezvinhu
Pakati pezana remakore rechi18, hukama pakati pemakoloni eBritain muNorth America nehurumende yeBritain hwakanga hwawedzera kushata. Mushure meHondo yeMakore Manomwe, Britain yakanga yave nechikwereti chakakura uye yakatanga kukwidza mitero uye kuisa matanho akasiyana-siyana ehupfumi ekubhadhara mari yehondo. Matanho akadai seStamp Act (1765), Townshend Acts (1767), uye Tea Act (1773) akakonzera hasha, sezvo vakoloni vainzwa kuti vaibhadhariswa mitero vasina vamiriri vezvematongerwo enyika muParamende yeBritain—kunyunyuta kwakazozivikanwa seslogan inoti “hapana mutero usina vamiriri.”
Kusawirirana kwakawedzera kusvika pakuva hondo yakasununguka muna 1775, apo Hondo dzeLexington neConcord dzakatanga, zvichiratidza kutanga kweChimurenga cheAmerica. Panguva iyi, vamwe vatungamiriri vekare vekoloni vakanga vachiri kutarisira kuyanana. Zvisinei, kutenda kwekuti kuparadzaniswa kwaisadzivisika kwakawedzera kusimba. Chiziviso cheKuzvitonga chakaberekwa semhinduro yezvematongerwo enyika: makoloni aisangoda kuzvitonga chete asiwo akatsanangurira nyika zvikonzero zvetsika nepfungwa zvechisarudzo chavo.
Nheyo dzepfungwa: kodzero dzechisikigo uye hutongi hwevanhu
Chimwe chezvikonzero zvikuru nei Chiziviso cheKuzvitonga chichionekwa sechinhu chakakosha ndechekuti chakagadzira misimboti yezvematongerwo enyika yakakura uye yepasi rose. Mundima yayo yekutanga inozivikanwa, gwaro iri rinoti "vanhu vese vakasikwa vakaenzana" uye vakapihwa "kodzero dzisiri dzekutorwa," dzinosanganisira "hupenyu, rusununguko, uye kutsvaga mufaro." Pfungwa iyi yakakanganiswa zvakanyanya nepfungwa yeEnlightenment, kunyanya John Locke, uyo akasimbisa kodzero dzechisikigo uye chibvumirano chemagariro evanhu: hurumende iripo kuchengetedza kodzero dzevagari vayo, uye kana ikakundikana, vanhu vane kodzero yekugadzirisa kana kutsiva.
Saka, Chiziviso hachina kungogura hukama neBritain chete asiwo chakatsanangura hurumende yepamutemo: hurumende inowana simba rayo kubva pakubvumirana kwevanhu. Pfungwa iyi yaive yechinjo yenguva yayo, ichipikisa pamutemo weumambo uye pfungwa ye "kodzero yaMwari yemadzimambo." Nekuisa vanhu senzvimbo yekutonga, Chiziviso ichi chakava chimwe chezvinyorwa zvekutanga zvakabatsira kuumba tsika yemazuva ano yedemocracy.
Kutenderwa kwezvematongerwo enyika kwerusununguko
MuChimurenga cheAmerica, hondo neBritain yaisada zvombo chete uye hurongwa, asiwo mvumo—mumaziso evanhu pachavo nemamwe marudzi. Chiziviso cheKuzvitonga chakashanda segwaro rinobatanidza zvinangwa zvezvematongerwo enyika zvemakoloni, richipa rondedzero yepamutemo yekuti nei kuzvitonga kwaidiwa. Gwaro racho rakatsanangura runyorwa rwezvichemo pamusoro paMambo George III, richiratidza maitiro e "kushandiswa zvisina kunaka kwesimba" kwaionekwa sekururamisa kuzviparadzanisa.
Rondedzero iyi yezvichemo inokosha nekuti inoratidza kuti kuzvitonga kwaisava chiito chekukurumidza, asi chisarudzo chaifungwa nezvekusaruramisira kwakarongwa. Ichishandisa mutauro wepamutemo netsika, Chiziviso chakasimbisa kuti makoloni aiita zvinhu nezvikonzero zvine musoro. Izvi zvakasimbisa rutsigiro rwemukati, kunyanya pakati pemapoka aimbova asina chokwadi, ukuwo zvichipawo hurongwa hwenharo idzo veruzhinji vaigona kunzwisisa.
Unyanzvi hwekudyidzana nedzimwe nyika nerutsigiro rwekunze
Chiziviso ichi chakabatawo basa guru mukukurukurirana. Kuti vakunde hondo iyi, matunhu aida rubatsiro kubva kune dzimwe nyika dzemuEurope, dzakadai seFrance neSpain, idzo dzaive nemakwikwi ekare neBritain. Zvisinei, nyika idzi hadzina kutsigira kupandukira uku pasina kujeka kuti matunhu aya akanga achiumba sangano idzva rezvematongerwo enyika.
Nekuzviti "nyika dzakazvimirira uye dzine simba," vatungamiriri vemakoloni vakasimbisa kodzero yavo yekuumba mubatanidzwa, kutengeserana, uye kuita hukama hwenyika dzese. Chiziviso ichi chakatumira chiratidzo chakasimba pasi rose chekuti America yakanga isiri kungova kupandukira kwemuno chete, asi chirongwa chekuvaka nyika. Rutsigiro rwakatevera rweFrance—kunyanya mushure megore ra1778—rwaive chinhu chikuru mukukunda kweAmerica. Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, Chiziviso ichi chaive danho rakakosha mukugadzira nzira yekuzivikanwa kwenyika dzese.
Simba pabumbiro remitemo reAmerica netsika dzezvematongerwo enyika
Kunyangwe Chiziviso cheRusununguko chisiri bumbiro remitemo uye chisingatsananguri chimiro chehurumende, chakabatsira kusimbisa tsika huru dzakazopesvedzera kuumbwa kweBumbiro reMitemo reUnited States (1787) neMutemo weKodzero (1791). Pfungwa dzekodzero, rusununguko, uye hurumende zvakavakirwa pakubvumirana kwevanhu dzakava chikamu che "mutauro wezvematongerwo enyika" weAmerica uye dzichiri kugara muhurukuro dzeveruzhinji.
Munhoroondo yese yeAmerica yakatevera, Chiziviso ichi chagara chichishandiswa senzira yekuratidza tsika dzekodzero dzakawedzerwa uye kuenzana. Kubva kuvanhu vairwisa uranda muzana remakore rechi19 kusvika kune vanorwira kodzero dzevanhu muzana remakore rechi20, uye kunyange sangano remazuva ano rekodzero dzevanhu, chirevo chekuti "vanhu vese vakasikwa vakaenzana" chagara chichitaurwa senzira yetsika. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti kukosha kweChiziviso hakuna kuguma muna 1776 asi kunoramba kuchishanda senzira yakanaka inopikisa tsika dzemagariro evanhu nedzezvematongerwo enyika kuti dzive dzakarurama.
Kusawirirana uye kutsoropodza: kuenzana kusina kuenzana
Kunyangwe Chiziviso chacho chaive nepfungwa dzevanhu vose, chokwadi chenguva iyoyo chakanga chisina kuenzana zvachose. Uranda hwakaramba huripo, kodzero dzevakadzi dzezvematongerwo enyika dzakarambwa, uye maIndia ekuAmerica akatorerwa minda nechisimba. Kusawirirana uku kwakakonzera kushoropodzwa: gwaro rinozivisa kuenzana raigona sei kuburitswa nenzanga ichiri kuchengetedza maitiro ekudzvinyirira?
Asi pano ndipo pane chimwe chinhu chakakosha: Chiziviso chakasimbisa mwero wetsika waigona kushandiswa kutsoropodza nekugadzirisa kusaruramisira. Masangano mazhinji ekugadzirisa zvinhu munhoroondo yeAmerica akashandisa misimboti yeChiziviso ichi kuda shanduko. Nemamwe mashoko, pasinei nekusashandiswa kwacho kusina kukwana, gwaro iri rakapa mutauro nemvumo yetsika yekukurudzira kufambira mberi.
Kurudziro yepasi rose: chiratidzo chepasi rose cheChiziviso
Simba reAmerican Declaration of Independence rakapfuura miganhu yenyika. Rakafuridzira French Revolution (1789) nemasangano akasiyana-siyana erusununguko muEurope neLatin America. Nheyo dzehutongi hwevanhu nekodzero dzechisikigo dzakava chikamu chepfungwa huru dzezvematongerwo enyika pasi rose. Muzana remakore rechi19 nerechi20, zviziviso zvakawanda zverusununguko nemagwaro ebumbiro remitemo munyika dzakasiyana-siyana zvaidzokorora pfungwa dzakafanana: hurumende inofanira kushandira vanhu, uye vanhu vanofanira kuva nepfungwa dzavo mune ramangwana ravo.
Mumamiriro ezvinhu emazuva ano, Chiziviso chakabatsira mukukura kwepfungwa yekodzero dzevanhu. Kunyangwe izwi rekuti "kodzero dzevanhu" rakanga risati rashandiswa muna 1776, pfungwa yaro—kodzero dzevanhu—yakabatsira kuumba hwaro hwetsika dzemagwaro epasi rose akadai seUniversal Declaration of Human Rights (1948). Saka, Chiziviso chakava nzvimbo yakakosha yekutanga rwendo rurefu rwekuremekedza chiremera chevanhu.
Mhedziso
Kukosha kweChiziviso cheKuzvitonga cheAmerica kuri mubasa rayo segwaro rakachinja mafambiro enhoroondo. Chakaita kuti kuzvarwa kwerudzi rutsva kuve pamutemo, chakagadzira misimboti yekodzero dzechisikigo nerusununguko rwevanhu, uye chakagadzira nzira yekutsigirwa kwenyika dzakawanda mukurwira kuzvitonga. Uyezve, Chiziviso chakaumba tsika dzezvematongerwo enyika dzeAmerica uye chakapa mwero wetsika unoramba uchishandiswa mukurwira kuenzana neruramisiro. Kunyangwe chakazvarwa mumamiriro ezvinhu azere nekupesana, simba reChiziviso rinobva mupfungwa dzaro dzese, dzinopfuura nguva uye dzinokurudzira nyika. Kuburikidza negwaro iri, kuzvitonga hakunzwisiswi serusununguko kubva mukukoloni chete asiwo sekuzvipira kukodzero, rusununguko, uye hurumende inozvidavirira kuvanhu.
