Nhoroondo yeTsika dzekare dzeChinese
Tsika dzekare dzechiChinese ndeimwe yetsika dzekare pasi rose, dzakaramba dzichikura kwezviuru zvemakore. Kubva mumupata weYellow River (Huang He), unowanzonzi "chizvarwa chebudiriro yeChinese," nzanga dzekare dzakagadzira masisitimu ekurima, hurumende, zvitendero zvechitendero, sainzi, nehunyanzvi, izvo zvakazogadzira hunhu hwetsika hwakave nesimba guru kusvika nanhasi. Nhoroondo yetsika dzekare dzechiChinese haingosanganisiri chete kutevedzana kwemadzimambo asiwo shanduko mumararamiro, maumbirwo emagariro, uye kubudirira kwepfungwa kwakapararira muAsia yese.
Midzi yeRudzi: Masangano Ekare neMadzishe Ekare
Zvisaririra zvetsika dzekare dzechiChinese zvinogona kuteverwa kuburikidza nezvakawanikwa mumatongo kubva mutsika dzeNeolithic dzakadai seYangshao neLongshan. Tsika yeYangshao (c. 5000–3000 BC) inozivikanwa nemidziyo yehari yakagadzirwa nemapatani, nzvimbo dzekugara mumisha, uye kurima mapfunde. Panguva iyi, tsika yeLongshan (c. 3000–1900 BC) yakaratidza kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji, kusanganisira midziyo yehari nhema yakanaka, uye kupatsanurana kwevanhu kuri kuwedzera kuoneka.
Ichipinda munguva yemadzimambo, Xia inowanzonzi dzinza rekutanga, kunyange hazvo humbowo hwenhoroondo hweizvi huchiri kukakavadzana. Dzinza reShang (c. 1600–1046 BC) rine humbowo hwakasimba kuburikidza nezvakanyorwa pamapfupa ezvinoera. Mapfupa aya aishandiswa pakufembera nekunyora mibvunzo kumadzitateguru kana vamwari, uye anopawo humbowo hwepakutanga hwehurongwa hwekunyora hweChinese. Munguva yeShang, tekinoroji yebronze yakafambira mberi nekukurumidza, zvichionekwa mukugadzirwa kwemidziyo yetsika yakaomesesa yaishanda mabasa akakosha mumitambo yechitendero.
Dzinza raZhou (1046–256 BC) rakaunza shanduko huru mumafungiro ezvematongerwo enyika netsika kuburikidza nepfungwa ye "Mandate of Heaven" (Tianming). Pfungwa iyi yaiti simba ramambo raive repamutemo kana akatonga zvakarurama; kana aive nehudzvanyiriri, simba racho raigona kubviswa uye dzinza racho raizotsiviwa. Pfungwa iyi yakashanda sehwaro hwemvumo yezvematongerwo enyika yeChina kwemazana emakore uye yakapesvedzera maonero evanhu hukama huripo pakati petsika nehurumende.
Nguva Yegoridhe Yekufunga: Confucianism, Daoism, uye Legalization
Nguva yeEastern Zhou, kunyanya nguva yeChirimo neAutumn neWarring States, inozivikanwa nekutanga kwezvikoro zvakawanda zvikuru zveuzivi. Munguva iyi, kusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika kwakakurudzira kufungisisa kwakadzama pamusoro pekuti nzanga inofanira kurongeka sei.
ChiConfucianism, chakabatana naKongzi (Confucius, 551–479 BCE), chaisimbisa tsika, hukama hwevanhu, uye dzidzo. Tsika dzakadai sekunamata vana (xiao), kuremekedza tsika, uye kukosha kwevatungamiriri vane hunhu hwakanaka zvakaumba hwaro hwekurongeka kwevanhu. ChiConfucianism chakashanda kwete semutemo wetsika chete asiwo sehwaro hwehurumende uye hurongwa hwedzidzo.
ChiDaoism, chinowanzobatanidzwa naLaozi naDao De Jing, chinosimbisa kuwirirana ne "Dao" (nzira kana musimboti wezvinhu zvose). ChiDaoism chinokurudzira nyore, kuzviitira zvinhu, uye kusamanikidza (wu wei). Maonero aya anopesvedzera hunyanzvi, mushonga, tsika dzemweya, uye kuti vanhu vanonzwisisa sei hukama hwavo nezvisikwa.
Kutevedzera mitemo kwakatanga semhinduro yakaoma yekusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika. Chikoro ichi chaisimbisa mitemo yakaoma, zvirango zvakaoma, uye simba guru renyika. Kunyange zvazvo zvaiita sekunge zvakaoma, Kutevedzera mitemo kwakabatsira zvikuru mukuumbwa kwenyika ine simba guru—kunyanya panguva yekutonga kwaQin Dynasty.
Kubatana uye Kurongeka: Dzinza reQin neHan
Dzinza raQin (221–206 BC) rakaratidza kubatana kweChina pasi paQin Shi Huang. Kunyangwe kutonga kwayo kwaive kupfupi uye kwaizivikanwa nekuoma, Qin yakaisa mitemo yakakura: masisitimu ekunyora, mari, zviyero, uye kuvandudzwa kwezvivakwa. Matanho aya akasimbisa kubatana kwetsika nehutungamiriri. Panguva iyi ndipo pakasimbiswawo kuvakwa kwekutanga kweGreat Wall kudzivirira kubva kutyisidziro kubva kuchamhembe.
Dzinza raHan (206 BC–220 AD) rinowanzoonekwa serimwe rematunhu makuru ekuumbwa kwehunhu hweChina. HuConfucian hwakava dzidziso yepamutemo yenyika uye hurongwa hwekuongorora hwakatanga kukura, kunyangwe chimiro chahwo chakakura mumadzimambo akatevera. Munguva yaHan, Silk Road yakavhura hukama hwekutengeserana netsika neCentral Asia neMediterranean. Zvinhu zvakaita sesiriki neceramics zvaitengeswa, nepo mazano, tekinoroji, nechitendero zvaifambawo munzvimbo iyi.
Chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvakapesvedzera munguva yaHan kwaiva kuunzwa nekupararira kweBuddhism kubva kuIndia. Pakutanga yakagamuchirwa zvishoma nezvishoma, Buddhism yakazopedzisira yaumba tsika yekuveza, kuvaka matemberi, uye tsika dzechitendero dzakagara kwenguva yakareba.
Unyanzvi, Mabhuku, uye Tekinoroji muTsika dzekare dzeChinese
Tsika dzekare dzechiChinese dzinozivikanwa nekupfuma muunyanzvi. Kunyora manyorerwo hakusi kungonyora chete, asi hunyanzvi hunoratidza hunhu hwemunhu nedzidzo yake. Kupenda nzvimbo (shan shui) kwakagadzirwa senzira yekutaura kweuzivi nezvezvisikwa uye kuenzana, kunyanya kuchipesvedzerwa nemafungiro eDaoist.
Mumabhuku, mabasa ekare akashanda semareferensi munhoroondo yese, akadai seShi Jing (Bhuku reNziyo), iro rine nhetembo dzekare uye rimwe re "Mabhuku Mashanu Ekare." Kunyora kwenhoroondo kwakatangawo, semuenzaniso, kuburikidza neShiji (Records of the Grand Historian) yaSima Qian munguva yeHan, iyo yakava muenzaniso wenhoroondo yeChinese.
Tekinoroji yakaratidzawo kubudirira kukuru. China yekare inozivikanwa nekugadzira kwayo bepa (rakagadziriswa munguva yaHan), kufambira mberi mukugadzira simbi, matekiniki ekudiridza, uye kusimudzira mishonga yechivanhu. Kambasi, upfu hwepfuti, uye kudhinda zvaive zvakakurumbira munguva dzakazotevera, asi midzi yekuvandudza netsika dzesainzi inotangira kare.
Maitiro Emagariro Evanhu uye Hupenyu Hwezuva Nezuva
Nzanga yekare yeChina yainyanya kuita zvekurima. Mhuri ndiyo yaive chikamu chikuru chemagariro evanhu, uye zvivakwa zvemadzitateguru zvaive zvakasimba. Tsika dzekunamata vana nekuremekedza madzitateguru dzaiumba hukama hwezvizvarwa zvakasiyana. Mhemberero dzekunamata madzitateguru dzaiitwa netsika, dzichisimbisa hukama hwemhuri uye kuzivikanwa kwedzinza.
Kupatsanurana kwevanhu kwaiwanzosanganisira machinda, vakuru vakuru, varimi, mhizha, nevatengesi. Zvinofadza kuti, muConfucianism, varimi nenyanzvi vaiwanzoonekwa se "vanobatsira" hurumende kupfuura vatengesi, kunyangwe mukuita, vatengesi vaigona kuva nepfuma yakawanda.
Dzidzo yakava nzira yekufambisa vanhu munharaunda, kunyanya sezvo hurongwa hwebvunzo dzevashandi vehurumende hwakatanga kusimba. Izvi zvakagadzira tsika yekukoshesa kudzidza nemagwaro ekare, izvo zvichiripo munzanga zhinji dzechiChinese nhasi.
Simba reTsika dzekare dzeChinese panyika
Tsika dzekare dzechiChinese dzaive nesimba guru, kunyanya kuMabvazuva nekuSoutheast Asia. Sisitimu yekunyora yeHanzi yakapesvedzera kukura kwezvinyorwa muJapan, Korea, neVietnam. HuConfucianism yakaumba tsika dzevanhu pamwe nehurongwa hwehurumende muumambo hwakasiyana-siyana hweEast Asia. Uyezve, kutengeserana munzira yeSilk Road kwakaita kuti China ive nzvimbo yekutsinhana zvinhu nepfungwa.
Nhaka yekare yeChina inoonekwawo mupfungwa yenyika ine hutungamiriri hwakasimba, hurumende ine hunhu hwakanaka, uye tsika yekunyora nhoroondo. Zvizhinji zvezvinhu izvi zvakashanda sekukurudzira kana kuratidza mamwe marudzi, ukuwo zvichiumba kuenderera mberi kweChina kubva munguva yekare kusvika munguva dzazvino.
Penutup
Nhoroondo yetsika dzekare dzechiChinese inyaya yekufambira mberi kwenguva refu kunosanganisa tsika, hunyanzvi, uye kufungisisa kwehuzivi. Kubva munharaunda yeNeolithic iri pamhenderekedzo yeRwizi rweYellow, budiriro yakabuda ine hurongwa hwekunyora, nyika yakaungana, uye zvikoro zvepfungwa zvakapesvedzera manzwisisiro anoita vanhu tsika, zvisikwa, uye hurumende. Kuburikidza nemadzimambo makuru akadai saShang, Zhou, Qin, naHan, tsika dzechiChinese dzakavaka hwaro hwakasimba zvekuti zvinhu zvakawanda zvayo zvakakosha zviripo nanhasi. Nekudzidza tsika dzekare dzechiChinese, tinonzwisisa kwete rudzi rumwe chete asiwo kuti budiriro yevanhu yakakura sei kuburikidza nepfungwa, hunyanzvi, uye kudyidzana kwetsika dzakasiyana.
