Denda reBlack Death muEurope

Denda reBlack Death muEurope

Denda reBlack Death, kana kuti "Black Denda," raive rimwe rematambudziko ehutano akaipisisa munhoroondo yevanhu. Rakarova Europe pakati pezana remakore rechi14 uye rakazunungusa zvinhu zvese zvehupenyu: huwandu hwevanhu, hupfumi, tsika, chitendero, uye kunyange budiriro yesainzi. Mumakore mashoma chete, mamiriyoni akafa, maguta akamiswa, kutengeserana kwakakanganiswa, uye kurongeka kwevanhu kwakachinja zvakanyanya. Chinyorwa chino chinoongorora mavambo, kupararira, kukanganisa, uye nhaka yenhoroondo yeBlack Death muEurope.

Kwakatangira uye kwakabva kubuda

Vanyori venhoroondo vazhinji vanofunga kuti chikonzero chikuru cheBlack Death yaive bhakitiriya reYersinia pestis, iro rinopararira kuburikidza nekurumwa nenhata dzinorarama nemakonzo, kunyanya makonzo matema (Rattus rattus). Kunyange hazvo paine gakava pamusoro pekuoma kwekutapurirana—kungave kwaingova kuburikidza nekutapurirana kwemakonzo nenhata kana zvakare kuburikidza nekutapurirana kubva kumunhu kuenda kumunhu nenzira yemapapu—kubvumirana kwakawanda ndekwekuti bubonic plague ndiyo yaive chinhu chikuru.

Kupararira kwechirwere ichi kunofungidzirwa kuti kwakatangira kuCentral Asia, uko nzira dzekutengeserana dzakapararira munyika dzakasiyana-siyana. Muzana remakore rechi14, network yeSilk Road yakabatanidza maguta ekutengeserana kubva kuChina kuenda kuMediterranean. Kufamba kwevanhu nezvinhu zvakawanda, pamwe chete nekusachena zvakanaka mumaguta akazara vanhu, zvakaita kuti pave nenzvimbo yakaorera yekupararira kwezvirwere zvinotapukira.

Kunewo nhoroondo inozivikanwa yekukombwa kweguta rechiteshi chengarava reKaffa (zvino yava Feodosiya muCrimea) nemauto eMongolia muna 1346. Dzimwe nhoroondo dzinoti mitumbi yevanhu vakaurayiwa nedenda yakakandwa muguta senzira yekutanga ye "hondo yezvisikwa." Pasinei nekururama kweruzivo, Kaffa inowanzoonekwa sechinobatanidza kupararira kwedenda kubva kuAsia kuenda kuEurope kuburikidza nengarava dzevatengesi.

Kupinda muEurope uye maitiro ekupararira

Denda reBlack Death rakapinda muEurope mugore ra1347, apo ngarava dzaibva kudunhu reBlack Sea dzakasvika pazviteshi zveMediterranean zvakaita seMessina (Sicily), Genoa, neVenice. Vafambisi vechikepe vairwara, makonzo aiva muchikepe, nenhata dzaitakurwa mumidziyo yavo ndizvo zvakatanga kutapurirana kwehutachiona.

Kubva pazviteshi izvi, denda rakapararira nekukurumidza munzira dzekutengeserana dzepanyika nedzemugungwa. Munguva pfupi, rakapararira kuFrance, Spain, Portugal, uye kunyange England. Gore ra1348 raive nguva inoparadza zvikuru kune chikamu chikuru cheWestern Europe, nepo muna 1349-1351 denda rakapararira zvakanyanya kuNorthern neEastern Europe.

Kukurumidza kwekupararira kwechirwere kunokonzerwa nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana:
1. Kuwanda kwevanhu mumaguta kwakawedzera kubva muzana remakore rapfuura, kunyanya nekuda kwekukura kwekutengeserana.
2. Mamiriro ehutsanana asina kunaka, marara achiwanzoraswa mumigwagwa kana munzizi.
3. Kushaya chikafu chakakwana uye hutano hwevanhu hwakaderera, nekuda kwekutadza kurimwa zvakanaka uye mamiriro ekunze asingatarisirwi mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi14.
4. Kufamba kwakanyanya kwevatengesi, masoja nevafambi.

Zviratidzo zvechirwere uye kutya kwevanhu

Rufu rweBlack Death rwakaburitsa zviratidzo zvinotyisa zvinowanzotsanangurwa munhoroondo dzekare. Muchimiro chebubonic, vanhu vaibatwa nefivha yakanyanya, dzihwa, kushaya simba kwakanyanya, uye kukura kwemapundu makuru, anorwadza (buboes) muhapwa, mutsipa, kana muhudyu. Ganda raigona kuita dema nekuda kwekubuda ropa pasi peganda kana nyama yakafa—chimwe chikonzero nei rakanzi "Black Denda." Muchimiro chepneumonia, hutachiona hwakakanganisa mapapu uye hwakapararira kuburikidza nemadonhwe, zvichikonzera kukosora ropa uye kufa nekukurumidza.

Kusaziva zvokurapa panguva iyoyo kwakaita kuti vanhu vafunge kuti matambudziko anokonzerwa netsananguro dzakasiyana-siyana: hasha dzaMwari, simba rekuongorora nyeredzi, mhepo yakaipa (miasma), kana "chepfu" yaipararira munharaunda. Munguva dzekutya, makuhwa nekutsvaga vanhu vanopomerwa mhosva zvaibuda nyore nyore. Mapoka mashoma, kunyanya nzanga dzechiJudha, aiwanzopomerwa mhosva yekuisira chepfu mumatsime uye airwiswa mumaguta akati wandei ekuEurope.

Kubatsira kwenharaunda uye kugadzirisa matambudziko

Mhinduro kuBlack Death dzaive dzakasiyana-siyana uye dzaiwanzova dzisina kurongeka. Vanhu vazhinji vakatiza mumaguta akanga akanganiswa, vasingazive kuti kutama kwaigona kuparadzira chirwere ichi. Mamwe mapoka aipindawo mutsika dzechitendero dzakanyanya, dzakadai sekurova vanhu vanorwara—vanhu vaizvitambudza senzira yekupfidza vanhu vazhinji, vachitarisira kumisa denda iri.

Zvisinei, kubva munjodzi iyi, mamwe matanho "emazuva ano" akatanga kubuda. Maguta echiteshi chengarava akadai seVenice akabva atanga masisitimu ekuvharira vanhu. Pfungwa yekuvharira vanhu (kubva pashoko rechiItalian rekuti quaranta, rinoreva 40) yaireva nguva inosvika mazuva makumi mana ekuvharira vanhu kungarava kana vafambi vasati vabvumidzwa kupinda. Kunyange hazvo mutemo uyu waisanzwisisa mabhakitiriya, wakaratidza kunzwisisa kunoshanda kwekuti kuganhurira vanhu kunogona kuderedza kutapurirana.

Hurumende dzemaguta dzakatangawo kushandisa mitemo yehutsanana, kutarisa misika, uye mitemo yekufamba. Kunyange zvazvo zvisiri kushanda nguva dzose, matanho aya akava nzira yekutanga kwemitemo yehutano hwevanhu muEurope.

Kukanganiswa kwevanhu: kurasikirwa kwechizvarwa munguva pfupi

Chinhu chakanyanya kuoneka chakakonzerwa neBlack Death kwaiva kudzikira kukuru kwevanhu. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti huwandu hwevanhu vakaurayiwa hunosiyana, asi vanyori venhau dzakawanda vanofungidzira kuti vanhu vanosvika 30–50% muEurope vakafa mumakore mashoma. Mune mamwe maguta, huwandu hwevanhu vakafa hwakatokwira. Misha yakarasika kana kuti yakasiyiwa nekuda kwekurasikirwa kwevanhu vakawanda.

Kufa kwevanhu vakawanda uku kwakakonzera kushomeka kwevashandi, kukanganisa dzimba dzemhuri, uye kwakagura hukama hwakawanda hwehupfumi hwenzvimbo. Makuva evanhu vakawanda akava mazhinji sezvo huwandu hwevanhu vakafa hwakapfuura huwandu hwenzvimbo dzekuviga dzakajairika.

Mhedzisiro yezvehupfumi nemagariro evanhu: kuparara kwehurongwa hwekare

Kushomeka kwevashandi kwakachinja hukama pakati pevashandi nevaridzi veminda. Vashandi vemapurazi vakararama nevashandi vemumaguta vakawana nzvimbo yakasimba yekutaurirana sezvo vashandi vaiva vashoma. Mihoro yaiwanzokwira, uye kudiwa kwekuvandudzwa kwemamiriro ebasa kwakabuda. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, hurumende dzakaedza kuderedza kuwedzerwa kwemihoro kuburikidza nemitemo, asi mitemo iyi yaiwanzokonzera kusawirirana munharaunda.

Nekufamba kwenguva, denda reBlack Death rakakurumidzisa kudzikira kwehudzvanyiriri muWestern Europe. Kuvimba nevashandi vanotarisirwa nenyika kwakadzikira, ukuwo hupfumi hwemari nemusika wevashandi wakachinja. Shanduko idzi hadzina kuitika kamwe kamwe, asi denda iri rakashanda senzira ine simba yakakurumidzisa shanduko yezvemagariro evanhu nehupfumi.

Mhedzisiro yetsika nechitendero: mumvuri werufu

Mutsika, Denda reBlack Death rakasiya chiratidzo chikuru paunyanzvi, mabhuku, uye maonero evanhu pamusoro pehupenyu nerufu. Dingindira rekuti "memento mori" (yeuka kuti uchafa) rakava rakakurumbira, richiratidzwa mumifananidzo, nhetembo, uye tsika dzechitendero. Pfungwa ye "Danse Macabre," kana kuti "Dance of Death," inoratidza rufu serunouya kune wese munhu pasinei nechinzvimbo, yakatangwa muEurope yese.

Kuvimba nemasangano ezvitendero kwakanganiswawo. Vanhu vazhinji vanobvunza kuti sei minamato netsika zvisina kumisa denda iri. Kune rumwe rutivi, vamwe vanhu vava kunyanya kunamata uye vari kutsvaga ruponeso rwemweya. Mafungiro aya akasiyana-siyana uye anosiyana zvichienderana nezvakaitika munharaunda nemunharaunda.

Nhaka yeBlack Death kuEurope

Denda reBlack Death harina kungogumira nefungu rimwe chete. Denda iri rakadzoka mumafungu akatevera kwemazana emakore, kunyange zvazvo risiri nguva dzose rakaipisisa sefungu ra1347–1351. Kunyange zvakadaro, chiitiko ichi chakaratidza kuchinja kukuru munhoroondo yeEurope.

Zvimwe zvezvaakaita zvikuru zvinosanganisira:
1. Kugadzirwa kwekutanga kwemitemo yehutano hwevanhu, kusanganisira kugara wega uye kutarisa vanhu vari pachiteshi chengarava.
2. Kuchinja kwemamiriro ehupfumi nemagariro evanhu, pamwe nekuwedzera kwenzvimbo dzekutaurirana dzevashandi uye kusasimba kwemaitiro ehudzvanyiriri munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana.
3. Kuchinja kwetsika nemafungiro, kunoratidzwa nekuzvidya mwoyo kwevanhu vose, kufungisisa nezverufu, uye hunyanzvi hwakaipa.
4. Zvidzidzo pamusoro pekusagadzikana kwepasi rose, sezvo denda richipararira kuburikidza nemakambani ekutengeserana epasi rose—maitiro anoshanda munguva dzazvino.

Mhedziso

Rufu rweBlack Death muEurope rwaive dambudziko revanhu rakaparadza mamiriyoni evanhu uye rakazunungusa nheyo dzenzanga yepakati nepakati. Zvisinei, kubva mukuparadzwa uku kwakabuda shanduko huru dzakaumba mafambiro enhoroondo yakatevera: mitemo yehutano hwevanhu yakatanga, marongerwo ehupfumi akachinjwa, uye tsika dzemuEurope dzakachinja. Rufu rweBlack Death rwakashanda sechiyeuchidzo chekuti denda harisi zviitiko zvekurapa chete, asiwo zviitiko zvemagariro evanhu, zvematongerwo enyika, uye tsika zvinogona kushandura zvikuru tsika.

Kana muchida, ndinogonawo kugadzira chinyorwa ichi chine ruzivo rwakadzama (chizere nemagwaro anotsanangura) kana kuti chiri nyore pabasa rechikoro.