Kutonga kweDutch muIndonesia
Kutonga kweDutch muIndonesia ndeimwe yezvikamu zvakakosha—uye zvinonyanya kutsanangura—munhoroondo yezvitsuwa zveIndonesia. Kwemazana emakore, simba rekudzora nyika rakaumba divi rezvematongerwo enyika, rezvehupfumi, rezvemagariro evanhu, uye retsika renzvimbo iyi yaizova Indonesia. Maitiro acho haana kuitika kamwe chete: akabva pakutengeserana, kuenda kuhutongi hwezvematongerwo enyika nevemauto, uye pakupedzisira akagumira mukurwirana kwenguva refu kwakatungamira mukuziviswa kwerusununguko muna 1945. Kunzwisisa kutonga kweDutch kunoreva kuongorora kuti hukama hwemasimba hwakatangwa sei, kuti kuramba kwevanhu kwakaramba kuchibuda sei, uye kuti nhaka yekoloni ichiri pachena sei munharaunda yemazuva ano yeIndonesia.
Kusvika Kwenguva Itsva: Kubva Kukutengeserana Kuenda Kusimba
Kusvika kwevaDutch muzvitsuwa zveIndonesia kwakatanga mukupera kwezana remakore rechi16, sezvo vaitsvaga nzvimbo dzinokosha dzezvinonhuwira mumisika yeEurope. Zvinonhuwira zvakaita se nutmeg, cloves, nepepper zvakava zvinhu zvakakosha zvakakurudzira makwikwi pakati penyika dzeEurope. Muna 1602, vaDutch vakatanga VOC (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie), kambani yekutengesa yakapihwa kodzero dzakakosha nehurumende yeDutch. Mitemo iyi yaisanganisira kutonga kutengeserana, kutanga mauto ane zvombo, kugadzira mari, kuita zvibvumirano, uye kutotanga hondo. Nemamwe mashoko, VOC yakanga isiri kambani chete, asi sangano rezvehupfumi nezvematongerwo enyika raishanda senyika.
VOC yakaisa simba rayo muBatavia (yava kunzi Jakarta) muna 1619 mushure mekukunda Jayakarta. Kubva panzvimbo iyi, VOC yakadzora ma network ekutengeserana, yakavaka nhare, uye yakamanikidza kutonga kwekutonga kwenzvimbo munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana, kunyanya muMaluku. Kutonga kwenzvimbo idzi kwaiwanzo shandiswa nechisimba: kuparadzwa kweminda, mitemo yakasimba yekurima, uye kudzvinyirirwa kwevagari vaionekwa sevasina kutevedzera mitemo yekutengeserana yeVOC.
Nzira Yekudzora: Kuparadzanisa Uye Kukunda Zvematongerwo Enyika Nezvibvumirano
Imwe nzira inoshanda yekukoloni yaive mutemo wekuti "paradzanisa utonge." VaDutch vaishandisa kusawirirana kwemukati meumambo kana vanhu vepamusoro vemunharaunda kuti vasimbise chinzvimbo chavo. Pakamuka kurwira masimba mukati meumambo hweNusantara, vaDutch vaiwanzoita se "varevereri" kuburikidza nezvibvumirano, asi pakupedzisira vakaisa humambo munzvimbo yekuvimbana. Zvibvumirano izvi, nemitemo yazvo yakaoma, zvishoma nezvishoma zvakaita kuti vanhu varasikirwe nerusununguko rwenzvimbo.
Semuenzaniso, muJava, kubatanidzwa kweDutch muhondo yemukati meMataram kwakaita kuti umambo husashande zvakanaka uye kuti simba remunharaunda riparare. Zvakafanana zvakaitika mune dzimwe nzvimbo: Dutch yakagadzira mambure esimba kuburikidza nezvibvumirano zvekutengeserana, rutsigiro rwemauto, uye kuiswa kwevanopa mazano vainyatso tonga sarudzo dzezvematongerwo enyika.
Kuparara kweVOC nekuzvarwa kweDutch East Indies
VOC yakatarisana nedambudziko nekuda kwehuori, mari yakawanda yehondo, uye kutadza kutonga. Muna 1799, VOC yakaparadzwa, uye midziyo yayo yakatorwa nehurumende yeDutch. Kubva ipapo zvichienda mberi, hutongi hwemakoloni hwakapinda muchikamu chitsva: hutongi hwemakoloni hwakananga, hunozivikanwa seDutch East Indies. Hutongi hwemakoloni hwakava hwakarongeka—uye munzira dzakawanda hwakanyatsojeka—sezvo hurumende yakanga yava kutonga mitero, mahofisi ehurumende, nemauto, nechinangwa chikuru chekushandisa zviwanikwa.
Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi19, Netherlands yakarasikirwa nemakoloni ayo nekuda kwehondo muEurope, asi gare gare yakazosimbisa simba rayo. Hondo yeJava (1825-1830), yakatungamirirwa naPrince Diponegoro, yaive imwe yehondo dzakakosha zvikuru. Hondo iyi yakadhura maDutch, asi mushure mekukunda kwekoloni, maDutch akawedzera kutonga kwavo.
Sisitimu Yekurima Yakamanikidzwa uye Kushandiswa Zvisina Kunaka Kwemari
Imwe yemitemo yekoloni yaizivikanwa zvikuru yaive Culturstelsel (Sisitimu Yekurima Yakamanikidzwa), yakashandiswa muna 1830. Vanhu, kunyanya muJava, vaisungirwa kurima zvirimwa zvekutengesera kunze kwenyika zvakaita sekofi, nzimbe, indigo, netii muchikamu chevhu ravo kana kushanda muminda yehurumende. Goho racho raibhadharwa kuhurumende yekoloni kuti ritengeswe pamusika wepasi rose. Sisitimu iyi yakawana purofiti yakakura kumaDutch uye yakabatsira kubhadhara kushomeka kwemari, asi yakakonzera kutambura kwakapararira: mabasa akawanda, nzara mune dzimwe nzvimbo, uye kudzikira kwekugara zvakanaka kwevarimi.
Sisitimu yeKurima yakaratidza pfungwa huru yehukoloni: kushandisa makoroni kuti vawane purofiti vachirasikirwa nevanhu veko. Kunyangwe sisitimu iyi yakatanga kuderedzwa pakupera kwezana remakore rechi19 uye yakatsiviwa nehupfumi hwerusununguko nekupinda kwemakambani ega, kushandiswa kwakaramba kuripo muchimiro cheminda mikuru, migodhi, uye vashandi vezvibvumirano.
Maitiro Evanhu Vechikoloni: Rudzi, Kirasi, uye Dzidzo
Kutonga kwevagari vemo kwaisangova nezvehupfumi chete, asiwo nezvemamiriro emagariro evanhu. Hurumende yevagari vemo yakaisa mapoka evanhu mumapoka zvichienderana nerudzi nechinzvimbo: vaEurope vari pamusoro, vachiteverwa ne "Vatorwa vekuMabvazuva" (vakadai seChina nemaArabhu), uye vanhu vemo vari pasi. Maitiro aya akakanganisa mukana wekuwana dzidzo, mabasa, mutemo, uye nzvimbo dzeveruzhinji.
Dzidzo yemazuva ano yakatanga kuunzwa, asi yaingogumira kumapoka akati wandei. Kunyange zvakadaro, boka revanhu vakadzidza veko rakazobuda iro rakazova simba guru rekumutsa nyika. Vakadzidza kunzwisisa mamiriro ezvinhu enyika, kunzwisisa pfungwa yerusununguko, uye kuona kuti kusabudirira kwaisava nyaya ye "mugumo" chete, asi kuti kwaikonzerwa nehurongwa husina kururama.
Zvematongerwo Enyika Nekumuka Kwenyika
Mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, hurumende yeDutch yakasimudzira "Ethical Policy," mutemo waive wakanangana nekubhadhara "chikwereti chekutenda" kuvanhu vakatorwa kubva kunyika imwe chete kuburikidza nedzidzo, kudiridza, uye kutamira kune imwe nyika. Zvisinei, mushure mekutaura, mutemo uyu wakaramba uri mukati mehurongwa hwekoloni: kuwedzera kubereka uye kugadzikana kwehurumende. Zvisinei, kuwedzera kwedzidzo nekuvhurwa kwenzvimbo dzemagariro evanhu kwakakurudzira kukura kwemasangano emazuva ano.
Budi Utomo, yakavambwa muna 1908, inowanzoonekwa seimwe yenzvimbo huru muNational Awakening. Gare gare, Sarekat Islam, Indische Partij, Muhammadiyah, Perhimpunan Indonesia, nemasangano akasiyana-siyana evechidiki akabuda. Chipikirwa cheVechidiki cha1928 chakasimbisa kuzivikanwa kwenyika: nyika imwe chete, rudzi rumwe, uye mutauro mumwe—Indonesia. Panguva iyi, kurwira kwakanga kusisiri kwenzvimbo chete asi kwakatanga kutora chimiro chesangano renyika rine chiono cherusununguko.
Kudzvinyirirwa uye Kuramba Kusingadzimiki
MaDutch vakapindura kusangano renyika iyi nekubatana kwezvematongerwo enyika pamwe nekudzvinyirira. Vanhu vakakurumbira vakati wandei vakasungwa, vakadzingwa munyika, kana kuti mabasa avo akarambidzwa. Vakuru vakuru vemakoloni vakaedza kudzora vatori venhau kuburikidza nekudzora mapurisa nekurambidza masangano aionekwa seakanyanya. Zvisinei, kuramba kwakaramba kuripo: kuburikidza nedzidzo, nhau, diplomacy, uye kunyange kufamba kwevashandi. Kurwira uku kwaisatora nguva dzose sehondo yezvombo; kwakawanda kwacho kwaiitwa kuburikidza nehurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika uye kuronga kwevanhu vakawanda.
Kutonga kweJapan uye Kuguma kweUtongi hweDutch
Hondo Yenyika II yakachinja zvese. Muna 1942, Japan yakakunda Netherlands ndokutora Dutch East Indies. Kunyange hazvo kutonga kweJapan kwaive kwakaoma uye kwakakonzera kutambura, kwakaderedza simba remakoloni eDutch. Japan yakavhura nzvimbo yekuunganidza vanhu vemo mune zvematongerwo enyika nemauto, izvo zvakazova chinhu chakakosha mukurwira rusununguko.
Mushure mekunge Japan yakanda mapfumo pasi muna 1945, vatungamiriri veIndonesia vakazivisa kuzvitonga musi wa17 Nyamavhuvhu 1945. VaDutch vakaedza kudzora Indonesia zvakare, zvikaita kuti pave neChimurenga chePhysical (1945-1949). Kuburikidza nekurwa, kutaurirana, uye kumanikidzwa kwenyika dzakawanda, vaDutch vakazopedzisira vabvuma kuzvitonga kweIndonesia muna 1949.
Nhaka yeMakoloni uye Kukosha Kwayo Nhasi
Nhaka yehukoloni hwekuDutch ichiri kuonekwa nanhasi. Kunyange hazvo hukoloni hwakasiya zvivakwa, masisitimu ekutonga, uye zvimwe zvezvakakosha zvemutemo wemazuva ano, mabhenefiti aya haagone kuparadzaniswa nemamiriro ekushandiswa zvisina kunaka uye kusaenzana kwaivapo. Maitiro ehupfumi hwekunze, kuva nevhu risina kuenzana, uye hutungamiriri hwakavakirwa pakutonga uye hutungamiriri ndezvimwe zvezviratidzo zvinoramba zvichikanganisa rwendo rwenyika.
Chinonyanya kukosha ndechekuti, kudzvanyirirana kwenyika kwakaumba hunhu hwenyika kuburikidza nezviitiko zvakafanana senyika yakatorwa. Kutambura nekuramba kwakasimudzira ruzivo rwevanhu vose kuti kuzvitonga kwaisava chipo, asi kuti kwaive mhedzisiro yekurwira kwenguva refu. Nekunzwisisa zvakadzama kudzvanyirirana kweDutch colonialism, tinogona kuburitsa pachena midzi yematambudziko ezvehupfumi nezvematongerwo enyika uye kudzidza kuvaka remangwana rakarurama.
Penutup
Kutonga kweDutch muIndonesia kwaive kwenguva refu uye kwakaoma: kwakatanga nekutengeserana, kwakaenderera mberi kusvika pakudzora nharaunda, uye pakupedzisira kwakaguma nekurwira kuzvitonga kwakasimba. Kwakaunza shanduko huru, kazhinji kuburikidza nechisimba nekushandisa zvisina kunaka. Pakati pemaronda enhoroondo, vanhu vekuIndonesia vakawanawo simba: kubatana, kuziva nyika, uye kutsunga kuzvimirira. Kuyeuka nguva yekukoloni hakusi kwekunamatira munguva yakapfuura, asi kunzwisisa kuti nhoroondo yakaumba sei nguva yazvino—uye kuti nyika ino inogona kuramba ichirwira kururamisira nekuzvitonga kwechokwadi.
