Biography yeMutungamiri Soeharto
Suharto ndiye aive Mutungamiri wechipiri weRepublic of Indonesia, achitonga kwemakore anopfuura makumi matatu uye mumwe wevanhu vane simba uye vane gakava munhoroondo yemazuva ano yeIndonesia. Anozivikanwa semugadziri mukuru weNew Order, hurumende yaisimbisa kugadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika, kufambira mberi kwehupfumi, uye basa rakasimba remauto muhurumende. Zvisinei, hutungamiriri hwake hwaiwanzobatanidzwawo nekurambidzwa kwerusununguko rwezvematongerwo enyika, kutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu, uye maitiro ehuori, kudyidzana, uye chizivano (KKN). Inotevera inhoroondo pfupi asi yakazara yehupenyu hwaSuharto.
Udiki uye mamiriro emhuri
Suharto akaberekwa musi wa8 Chikumi 1921, muKemusuk, Argomulyo, Sedayu, Bantul, Yogyakarta. Aibva mumhuri isina kusimba muJava yekumaruwa. Mamiriro ake ehupfumi akashomeka akaumba ruzivo rwake rwehudiki, kusanganisira maonero ake pamusoro pechirango, kushanda nesimba, uye kurongeka. Panguva iyoyo, mukana wekuwana dzidzo yepamutemo yenharaunda dzekumaruwa waisava nyore nguva dzose, asi Suharto akawana dzidzo yekutanga uye akazoshanda munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana asati apinda muchiuto.
Kubva achiri mudiki, Suharto aizivikanwa nekunyarara kwake, achisarudza kushanda ari pachivande pane kutaura. Hunhu uhwu hwairamba huripo muhupenyu hwake hwese hwezvematongerwo enyika: aiwanzoisa pamberi nzira inoshanda, aichengetedza mufananidzo wemutungamiriri akadzikama, uye akavaka network yesimba kuburikidza nekuvimbika uye chimiro chesangano chakarongeka zvakanaka.
Basa rekutanga rechiuto
Basa raSuharto rechiuto rakatanga panguva yekutora Indonesia neJapan (1942–1945). Akabatana nesangano remauto rakagadzwa neJapan, iro raishanda senzira yekuti vechidiki vekuIndonesia vadzidziswe zvechiuto. Mushure mekuziviswa kweRusununguko musi wa17 Nyamavhuvhu 1945, Suharto akatanga kurwira rusununguko. Akazobatana neIndonesian National Armed Forces (TNI) uye zvishoma nezvishoma akawedzera chinzvimbo.
Chimwe chiitiko chinowanzobatanidzwa nezita rake iKurume 1, 1949 General Offensive muYogyakarta, chiito chemauto chakaratidza kuvapo kweRepublic of Indonesia kunharaunda yepasi rose pakati pehudzvanyiriri hweDutch. Munyaya yepamutemo yeNew Order, basa raSuharto muchiitiko ichi rinotariswa zvakanyanya, kunyangwe ruzivo rwenhoroondo rwakasiyana-siyana rwemipiro yevamwe vanhu. Kunyange zvakadaro, zvakaitika kwaari panguva yechimurenga zvakasimbisa mukurumbira wake semukuru anokwanisa kuronga mashandiro uye kugadza hutungamiriri.
Kuenda pakati pesimba
Mumakore akatevera kuzvitonga, Suharto akabata zvinzvimbo zvakakosha mukati memauto. Akashanda seMutungamiriri weMandala Command muOperation Trikora (1962), iyo yaive nechinangwa chekubatanidza West Irian (Papua) munyika yeIndonesia. Kubatanidzwa kwaSuharto muchirongwa ichi chikuru kwakasimbisa mukurumbira wake semukuru wemauto aivimbwa naye kuti atarisire zvirongwa zvenyika.
Mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika muIndonesia pakutanga kwema1960 aive akachinja-chinja zvikuru. Mutungamiri Sukarno akaisa Guided Democracy, nekusawirirana pakati pevanotsigira nyika, makomunisiti, nemauto. Dambudziko iri rakakwira mushure mezviitiko zve30 Gunyana Movement (G30S) muna 1965. Pakati penyonganyonga yezvematongerwo enyika, Suharto, seMutungamiriri weArmy Strategic Command (Kostrad), akatora basa guru mukudzora mamiriro ezvinhu muJakarta. Simba rake rakazowedzera zvakanyanya.
Musi wa11 Kurume 1966, Sukarno akasaina Supersemar, achipa Suharto mvumo yekutora matanho ekudzoreredza kuchengetedzeka nerunyararo. Supersemar yakaratidza shanduko huru: Suharto akashandisa simba iri kuputsa bato reIndonesian Communist Party (PKI) nekusunga vanhu vaifungidzirwa kuti vakabatana naro. Nguva iyi yekuchinja yakaona mhirizhonga yakawanda nekutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana, chitsauko chakasviba munhoroondo yeIndonesia chinoramba chiri chitsauko chakasviba.
Kuva Mutungamiriri uye Kuberekwa kweNew Order
Muna 1967, Dare rePeople's Consultative Assembly (MPRS) rakagadza Suharto seMutungamiriri weNyika, uye muna 1968, akagadzwa zviri pamutemo seMutungamiriri weRepublic of Indonesia. Izvi zvakaratidza kutanga kwehutongi hweNew Order. Hurumende yaSuharto yaitsigira hurongwa hwekugadzikana kwenyika, kukura kwehupfumi, uye hurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika hwakadzora kupfuura kare. Mauto akaita basa guru kuburikidza nepfungwa yeABRI (Indonesian Armed Forces) ine mabasa maviri, inosanganisira dziviriro nekuchengetedzwa pamwe nemabasa ezvematongerwo enyika.
Muchikamu chezvehupfumi, New Order yakaisa pamberi budiriro kuburikidza nezvirongwa zvenguva refu, kuvhura mari yekudyara kune dzimwe nyika, uye kushanda pamwe chete nemasangano epasi rose. Kubva kuma1970 kusvika kuma1990, Indonesia yakaona kukura kwehupfumi kwakakosha, kuwedzera kwekuvandudzwa kwezvivakwa, uye kudzikira kwehuwandu hweurombo munzvimbo dzakawanda. Chirongwa chekuzviriritira chemupunga chemakore ekuma1980 chinowanzotaurwa sebudiriro huru, kunyangwe mhedzisiro yacho yakasiyana-siyana munzvimbo dzakasiyana uye muzvikamu zvenzanga.
Zvisinei, kugadzikana uku kwakachengetedzwa zvakasimba kwakarevawo nzvimbo shoma yezvematongerwo enyika. Hurumende yakaita kuti mapato ezvematongerwo enyika ave mashoma kuita mapoka matatu makuru: Golkar, United Development Party (PPP), uye Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI). Golkar—achitsigirwa nehurumende—akazova nzira huru yezvematongerwo enyika yaSuharto. Sarudzo dzakaitwa nguva dzose, asi mamiriro emakwikwi akanga asina kuenzana zvachose nekuda kwekutonga kwakasimba kwehurumende pamusoro pehurumende, vezvenhau, nemauto ekuchengetedza.
Kukakavadzana nekutsoropodzwa kwehurumende yeSoeharto
Pasinei nekubudirira kwayo mukusimudzira nyika, nguva yeNew Order yakaratidzwa nekutsoropodzwa kukuru. Huori, kudyidzana, uye chizivano (KKN) zvinonzi hwakadzika midzi, hukama hwezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi huchibatsira mamwe mapoka, kusanganisira mhuri yemutungamiri wenyika neboka repedyo. Makambani akawanda akabudirira mukati mehurongwa hwaienderana nekuva pedyo nesimba.
Uyezve, kune zvinyorwa zvakawanda zvekutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu, kunyaradzwa kwevanopikisa, uye matanho ekudzvinyirira mafambiro ezvematongerwo enyika. Zviitiko zvakaita sekushanda kwemauto munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana, kurambidzwa kwerusununguko rwevatori venhau, uye zviito zvinorwisa vatsigiri zvakasiya nhaka yakasviba yave ichikurukurwa kwenguva refu kubva pakadonha New Order.
Maitiro ehurumende muEast Timor akakwezvawo kuongorora kwenyika dzakawanda. Kubatanidzwa kweEast Timor muIndonesia muna 1976 pamwe nehondo iri kuenderera mberi munharaunda iyi zvakakonzera kushoropodzwa maererano nemaitiro ayo ehondo uye nyaya dzekubatsira vanhu. East Timor yakazopedzisira yaparadzana neIndonesia mushure mereferendamu muna 1999, mushure mekukundwa kweSuharto.
Dambudziko re1997-1998 uye kuwa kweSuharto
Kudonha kwaSuharto hakugoni kuparadzaniswa nedambudziko remari reAsian Financial Crisis ra1997–1998. Rupiah yakadonha, inflation yakakwira, makambani akabhuroka, uye kushaikwa kwemabasa kwakawedzera. Dambudziko rezvehupfumi rakakurumidza kuchinja kuva dambudziko rezvematongerwo enyika. Kuvimba kweveruzhinji nehurumende yaSuharto kwakaderera, ukuwo kuda kuchinjwa kwezvinhu kwakawedzera kusimba mumakampasi nemumaguta.
Kuratidzira kwevadzidzi kwakawedzera, kusvika pakakwirira muna Chivabvu 1998. Kusagadzikana kwevanhu kwakatanga munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana, kusanganisira Jakarta, zvikakonzera njodzi yerubatsiro nekurasikirwa kukuru. Nekumanikidzwa nemamiriro ezvinhu aisagona kudzora uye kusasimba kwerutsigiro rwezvematongerwo enyika, Suharto akasiya basa musi wa21 Chivabvu 1998. Mutevedzeri weMutungamiriri BJ Habibie akamutsiva, zvichiratidza kutanga kwenguva yeReformation.
Upenyu mushure mekudzingwa uye kufa
Mushure mekusiya basa, Suharto aigara asingaonekwe nevanhu vakawanda. Akasangana nematambudziko akawanda emutemo ane chekuita nehuori hwaitaurwa, asi nyaya dzacho dzakaramba dzichikanganiswa nenyaya dzehutano. Nhaurirano pamusoro penyaya dzezvematongerwo enyika nemutemo dzeNew Order dzakaramba dzichienderera mberi, nepo maonero evanhu pamusoro pake akapatsanurwa: vamwe vairumbidza kugadzikana nebudiriro, vamwe vachida chokwadi neruramisiro nekuda kwekushungurudzwa kwakaitwa kare.
Suharto akafa musi wa27 Ndira 2008, muJakarta uye akavigwa kuAstana Giri Bangun muKaranganyar, Central Java. Nanhasi, nhaka yaSuharto ichiri chikamu chakakosha chehurukuro pamusoro penhoroondo yeIndonesia. Anoonekwa semutungamiri akaunza shanduko huru mubudiriro, asiwo sechiratidzo chehudzvanyiriri nematambudziko ehurongwa ayo migumisiro yawo ichiri kunzwika.
Penutup
Nhoroondo yaSuharto inoratidza kuoma kwenhoroondo yeIndonesia: nguva yekurwisana, mafambiro ezvematongerwo enyika mushure merusununguko, kukura kwehupfumi nekukurumidza, uye maronda makuru ezvemagariro evanhu. Kuti Suharto anzwisise zvizere, nzira yekutsoropodza uye yakarurama inodiwa—kubvuma zvaakabudirira zvinooneka asiwo kusafuratira njodzi nekushungurudzwa kwakaitika. Nenzira iyi, nhoroondo inogona kushanda sechidzidzo kuzvizvarwa zvinotevera kuitira kuti Indonesia irambe ichikura senyika ine democracy, budiriro, uye yakarurama.
