Tsika dzekare dzeIjipita uye mapiramidhi
Ijipiti yekare ndeimwe yetsika dzinonakidza zvikuru munhoroondo yevanhu. Iri pedyo neRwizi rwaNire, vaIjipita vekare vakagadzira tsika, masisitimu ehurumende, zvitendero, uye kunyange mabasa ekuvaka ane simba rinoonekwa kwezviuru zvemakore anotevera. Pakati penhaka dzakakurumbira dzebudiriro iyi pane mapiramidhi—zvivakwa zvikuru kwete zvinoshamisa zveinjiniya chete asiwo zvakazara nechitendero, zvematongerwo enyika, uye tsika. Kuti tinzwisise zvizere mapiramidhi, tinofanira kuaona sechikamu chetsika dzekare dzevaIjipita: maonero avo ehupenyu, rufu, uye kurongeka kwenyika.
Rwizi rwaNire ndirwo rwunopa hupenyu hwenyika
Ijipiti yekare yakabudirira paRwizi rwaNire. Mafashamo egore negore eNire akaunza ivhu rakaorera rakaita kuti kurima kubudirire murenje. Kurima uku kwakaunza chikafu chakawanda, zvichiita kuti nzanga ikwanise kuumba chimiro chemagariro chakaoma: varimi, vanyori, vapristi, vakuru, masoja, nemadzimambo. Nire yakanga isiri nzvimbo yemvura chete, asiwo "nzvimbo yehupfumi," nzira yekufambisa, uye chiratidzo chehupenyu. Makarenda ekurima, tsika dzechitendero, uye kutengeserana zvaitsamira pamitambo yerwizi.
Kuvapo kwerwizi rwaNire kwakabatsira kugadzira maonero evaIjipita ekurongeka (ma'at), pfungwa yepasi rose yekuenzana, chokwadi, uye kugarisana. Ma'at yakava pfungwa yemagariro evanhu nezvematongerwo enyika. Mambo—Farao—ndiye aive nebasa rekuchengetedza ma'at kudzivirira nyika kuti isapinde munyonganyonga.
Maumbirwo emagariro evanhu uye basa raFarao
Mutsika dzekare dzevaIjipita, Farao aionekwa sechisungo pakati penyika yevanhu nenzvimbo yevamwari. Simba rake rezvematongerwo enyika rakanga risiri rekutonga chete asiwo dzvene. Aiva nebasa remitambo yechitendero, kuchengetedza nyika, uye kuramba achibereka nyika. Kutenda uku kwakaita kuti pave nekutsigira kukuru kwemapurojekiti makuru akadai sekuvakwa kwematemberi nemapiramidhi, sezvo aionekwa seane chekuita zvakananga nekugadzikana kwenyika.
Pasi paFarao, paiva nehurongwa hwakasimba hwehurumende. Vanyori vakaita basa guru, sezvo kugona kuverenga nekunyora mahieroglyphs nehieratic kwaive hunyanzvi hwakasiyana. Zvinyorwa zvemitero, kugoverwa kwechikafu, mapurojekiti ekuvaka, uye kunyange tsika dzechitendero zvaida magwaro. Tsika iyi yakanyorwa yakagonesawo Egypt kuumba hurumende huru yaitsigira kuvakwa kwemapiramidhi.
Chitendero, rufu, uye hupenyu hunotevera
Ijipiti yekare yaizivikanwa nekutenda kwayo muhupenyu hwepashure perufu. Kwavari, rufu rwaisava mugumo, asi kuchinja. Zvisinei, kuchinja uku kwaida kugadzirira. Mutumbi waifanira kuchengetedzwa kuburikidza nekuomeswa kwemuviri, uye guva raifanira kugadzirirwa rwendo rwekuenda kuhupenyu hwepashure perufu: chikafu, zvinhu zvemunhu, zvifananidzo, nemagwaro matsvene akadai se "Piramidhi Zvinyorwa" kana kuti "Bhuku reVakafa" rakazotevera.
Pfungwa yemweya muIjipita Yekare yaive yakaomawo. Kwaiva neka (simba rehupenyu), ba (chikamu chehupenyu chehunhu), uye akh (chinhu "chakabudirira" chakanga chapasa bvunzo). Makuva netsika dzemariro zvaive nechinangwa chekuvimbisa kupona nekubatanidzwazve kwezvinhu izvi zvakasiyana-siyana. Apa ndipo pakava nemapiramidhi akakosha: kwete zvivakwa chete, asi michina yemweya yakabatsira mambo kuwana kusafa.
Kubva pamastaba kusvika papiramidi
Mapiramidhi akapinza asati asvika, machinda ekutanga nemadzimambo vaivigwa muzvivakwa zvakaderera, zvine makona matete zvinonzi mastabas. Mastabas yakashanduka kubva pazvivakwa zviri nyore kuenda kune zvakaoma. Kufambira mberi kukuru kwakaitika panguva yekutonga kwaMambo Djoser (Dzinza rechitatu) nekuvakwa kwePiramidhi yeStep kuSaqqara, yakagadzirwa naImhotep—munhu akazoremekedzwa semuzivi.
Piramidhi reDjoser musanganiswa wemastabas akati wandei akarongwa pamusoro peimwe neimwe, achigadzira masitepisi ekuenda kudenga. Nenzira yekufananidzira, chimiro ichi chine matanho chinogona kududzirwa sekukwira kwaFarao kunzvimbo yevanamwari.
Mapiramidhi eGiza: nhare yekubwinya
Kuvaka mapiramidhi kwakanyanya kwakaitika panguva yeDzinza rechina, kunyanya paGiza complex, ine mapiramidhi ayo matatu makuru: Khufu (Cheops), Khafre, neMenkaure. Piramidhi yaKhufu ndiyo yakakura uye inoramba iri imwe yeZvishamiso Zvinomwe zveNyika Yekare. Kunyatsogadzirwa kwayo kunoshamisa: kutarisa kwayo kwakanangana nemativi makuru, kukodzerana kwematombo, uye kukura kwepurojekiti yacho.
Mapiramidhi aya aisangomira ega. Mapiramidhi aiwanzosanganisira temberi dzemumipata, nzira dzemigwagwa, temberi dzemariro, mapiramidhi madiki emadzimambokadzi, uye makuva akapoteredza akaita semastaba evakuru vakuru. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti mapiramidhi aive musimboti wenzvimbo dzechitendero, zvematongerwo enyika, uye dzemagariro evanhu.
Matekiniki ekuvaka uye kuronga basa
Ngano zhinji dzinoti mapiramidhi aya aishandiswa pakuvaka varanda, asi humbowo hwemazuva ano hwekuchera matongo hunoratidza kuti vashandi vacho vangangodaro vaiva vashandi vane hunyanzvi nevarimi vaishanda munguva dzemwaka apo minda yaizara nemvura. Vaiwana chikafu, pekugara, uye rubatsiro rwezvekurapa. Izvi hazvirevi kuti basa racho raive nyore—kuvaka mapiramidhi kwaingoda vashandi vakawanda—asi mufananidzo we "uranda hwevakawanda" hauenderane zvizere nezvakawanikwa nesainzi.
Matekiniki ekutakura matombo anofungidzirwa kuti aisanganisira masled pajecha rakanyorova kuti riite kuti ritsvedzerere, rive nyore kushandisa, uye rive nemagadzirirwo akasiyana-siyana. Zvidhinha zvematombo emutumbi wepiramidhi zvakabva kumagwenga emunzvimbo iyoyo, nepo granite yemakamuri chaiwo yakaunzwa kubva kuAswan, mazana emakiromita kure. Chokwadi chekuti zvinhu izvi zvaitarisirwa chinoratidza kugona kwenyika yekare yeEgypt kuronga, kugovera zviwanikwa, uye kushandira pamwe kwevashandi.
Zvinorehwa nepiramidhi
Mutsika, mapiramidhi ane zviratidzo zvine zvidimbu zvakasiyana-siyana. Chimiro chawo chekona chinowanzobatanidzwa nebenben, dombo dzvene rinobatanidzwa nengano dzekusika. Pamusoro pepiramidhi pakutanga pakanga pakafukidzwa nedombo jena rakatsetseka rairatidza chiedza chezuva, zvichiita kuti riite serinopenya kubva kure—se"masitepisi echiedza" achienda kumatenga. Zuva rakaita basa guru muchitendero chevaIjipita, kunyanya muchitendero chamwari Ra, saka kubatana kuripo pakati pemapiramidhi nekunamata kwezuva kune musoro.
Uyezve, mapiramidhi aivawo mashoko ezvematongerwo enyika. Nekuvaka zvivako zvikuru, mafarao akaratidza kutonga kwavo pamusoro pezviwanikwa nevashandi, ukuwo vachiratidzawo kuti vakavimbika kuna Mwari. Mapiramidhi aiva mashoko enhema ematombo: mashoko aizivisa kuti simba ramambo panyika raizoramba riripo muhupenyu hwepashure perufu.
Unyanzvi, kunyora, uye hupenyu hwezuva nezuva hwakapoteredza chirongwa chepiramidhi
Chirongwa chepiramidhi chakasimudzira kukura kweunyanzvi nehunyanzvi. Vavezi vemifananidzo vakagadzira zvifananidzo, mifananidzo, zvishongo, nezvinhu zvetsika. Madziro emakuva aiwanzoshongedzwa nezviitiko zvehupenyu hwezuva nezuva: kurima, kuvhima, kutengeserana, tsika, uye mabiko. Zviitiko izvi zvaisangova zvekushongedza chete asi zvaitendwa kuti zvairatidza mabasa aya kumuridzi weguva mushure mekufa.
Mabhii ekare nemagwaro echitendero zvaivewo zvikamu zvakakosha zvetsika iyi. Mune mamwe mapiramidhi enguva yakati, magwaro matsvene akavezwa mumadziro emakamuri ekuviga kuti abatsire rwendo rwemweya wamambo. Tsika iyi yemagwaro yakazoshanduka ikapararira kumakuva asiri ehumambo, zvichiratidza shanduko dzemagariro evanhu nedzechitendero.
Sei kuvakwa kwepiramidhi kwakadzikira?
Munguva yakatevera Umambo Hwekare, kuvakwa kwemapiramidhi makuru kwakadzikira. Izvi zvaikonzerwa nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana: shanduko dzezvematongerwo enyika, mamiriro ehupfumi, uye kukura kwemamwe maitiro ekuviga. Semuenzaniso, muUmambo Hutsva, vanaFarao vaifarira kuvigwa muMupata weMadzimambo, nemakuva akavanzwa mumawere, zvichida kuderedza kupamba. Zvisinei, pasinei nekuchinja kwemarudzi emakuva, pfungwa dzekusafa, tsika dzemariro, uye hukama hwamambo nevanamwari zvakaramba zviri pakati petsika.
Nhaka yeIjipiti yekare kupasi rose
Mapiramidhi haasi kungokwezva vashanyi chete; magwaro etsika akagadzirwa nematombo. Kubva kumapiramidhi, tinodzidza nezvekuti Ijipiti Yekare yakaronga sei nyika yayo, yakavandudza tekinoroji, yakavandudza hunyanzvi, uye yakanzwisisa hupenyu hwepashure perufu. Tsika dzekare dzeIjipita dzinoratidza kuti kutenda kwakaumba sei zvivakwa, kuti zvematongerwo enyika zvakabatana sei nechitendero, uye kuti nzanga yakakwanisa sei kugadzira mabasa anopfuura nguva yayo.
Pakupedzisira, mapiramidhi anotiyeuchidza kuti budiriro huru dzinoyerwa kwete chete nesimba radzo rehondo kana kuti nzvimbo yadzo, asiwo nekukwanisa kwadzo kuvaka zvinoreva zvakafanana. Ijipiti yekare, ine mapiramidhi ayo sechiratidzo chayo chepamusoro, yakasiya meseji yekutsungirira, kurongeka, uye kutsvaga nekusingaperi—nhaka inoramba ichibata vanhu kuda kuziva kusvika nanhasi.
