Kusawirirana kweIsrael Palestine
Hondo yeIsrael nePalestine ndeimwe yenharo dzakaoma uye dzakareba munhoroondo yemazuva ano. Haisi kungori gakava renzvimbo chete, asi mubatanidzwa wemativi akawanda: kuzivikanwa kwenyika, nhoroondo yekoloni, chitendero, kuchengetedzeka, mutemo wepasi rose, uye zviitiko zvinoshungurudza zvakapfuudzwa muzvizvarwa nezvizvarwa. Kwemakore anopfuura zana, zviitiko zvikuru—kubva pakuparara kweOttoman Empire, simba reBritish colonial, kuumbwa kwenyika yeIsrael, kusvika kuhondo dzematunhu uye mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika emukati—zvakaumba chokwadi chinogara chichichinja, asi zvinogara zvichidzika kumibvunzo mikuru: ndiani ane hutongi, munharaunda ipi, uye chii chinovimbisa kodzero dzevanhu vese vanogara ikoko.
Midzi mipfupi yenhoroondo
Mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19 nekutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, Palestine (mupfungwa yenzvimbo yenhoroondo) yaive pasi peUmambo hweOttoman uye yaigara maArabu ePalestine, nenharaunda diki yevaJudha. MuEurope, sangano reZionist rakabuda mushure mekuvenga vaJudha nekuuraya vanhu vakawanda, richikumbira kuti pave ne "musha wenyika" wevaJudha. Kutama kwevaJudha vazhinji kunzvimbo iyi kwakaitika Hondo Yenyika I isati yatanga uye kwakawedzera mumakore akatevera.
Mushure meHondo Yenyika I, Umambo hweOttoman hwakaparara uye Britain yakawana Mandate pamusoro pePalestine. Muna 1917, Balfour Declaration yakazivisa rutsigiro rweBritain pakugadzwa kwe "musha wenyika wevanhu vechiJudha" muPalestine, chero bedzi isina kukanganisa "kodzero dzevanhu nedzechitendero" dzenharaunda dzisiri dzechiJudha dziripo. Muchokwadi, nguva yeBritish Mandate yaive nguva yekusawirirana kuri kuwedzera: kuwedzera kwekupinda kwevaJudha munyika, kutenga minda, uye kurwisana kwezvematongerwo enyika pakati penharaunda dzechiJudha dzePalestine nedzechiArabhu, pamwe nemutemo weBritain waionekwa seusina kujeka uye usina kurongeka. Mhirizhonga yemunharaunda nekumukira kwakatanga, kusanganisira Arab Revolt ya1936-1939.
1947–1949: Zvirongwa zvekuparadzanisa nehondo
Mushure meHondo Yenyika II neHolocaust—kuurayiwa kwevaJudha vekuEurope—rutsigiro rwepasi rose rwekuumbwa kwenyika yechiJudha rwakakura. Muna 1947, Sangano reMarudzi (UN) rakaronga hurongwa hwekupatsanura Mutemo kuita nyika mbiri (dzechiJudha nedzechiArabhu), dzine chinzvimbo chakakosha cheJerusarema. Hutungamiriri hwevaJudha hwakagamuchira hurongwa uhu, nepo vatungamiriri vazhinji veArabhu vakahuramba, vachiti kusaruramisira kwekupatsanurana uku uye kuramba chirongwa chehurumende chinoonekwa sechinotungamirwa nekoloni.
Muna 1948, Israeri yakazivisa kuzvitonga. Hondo yakatanga pakati peIsraeri nenyika dzeArab dzakapoteredza. Hondo iyi yakakonzera shanduko huru: Israeri yakaramba ichiwedzera kupfuura hurongwa hweUN, nepo West Bank yakava pasi pekutonga kweJordan neGaza pasi pekutonga kweEgypt. Panguva imwe chete, mazana ezviuru zvevaPalestine vakava vapoteri—chiitiko chinonzi nevaPalestine kuti Nakba (njodzi). Nyaya yevapoteri nekodzero yekudzoka kubva ipapo yave imwe yenzvimbo dzinonetsa zvikuru dzekukakavadzana.
1967: Kugara uye kubuda kwehondo dzemazuva ano
Hondo yeMazuva Matanhatu ya1967 yakaratidza shanduko huru. Israeri yakatora West Bank (kusanganisira East Jerusalem), Gaza, Golan Heights, neSinai Peninsula (iyo yakazodzoserwa kuEgypt muchibvumirano cherunyararo cha1979). Kubva muna 1967, West Bank neGaza dzave dziri pakati pehondo yemazuva ano yeIsrael nePalestine, ichitaura nezvenzvimbo dzakatorwa, nzvimbo dzekugara dzeIsrael, zvirambidzo pakufamba, kuchengetedzeka, uye zvikumbiro zvePalestine zvekuzvitonga.
Mutemo wepasi rose—kunyanya Geneva Conventions—unowanzotaurwa munharo dzekuti vanhu vagare munyika, kuchengetedzwa kwevanhuwo zvavo, uye kuti vagari vemo vanofanira kugara munyika iyi zviri pamutemo. Israel inosimbisa kudiwa kwekuchengetedzeka uye kuoma kwenzvimbo; Palestine nenyika dzakawanda nemasangano epasi rose vanoona kuti kugara munyika iyi nekuwedzera kwekugara kwevanhu ndizvo zvipingamupinyi zvikuru kuhurumende yePalestine ine simba uye yakasununguka.
Maitiro erunyararo: tariro nekukundikana
Kuedza kwezvematongerwo enyika kwakadzokororwa. Zvibvumirano zveOslo muma1990 zvakagadzira Palestinian Authority (PA) uye hurongwa hwakarongwa zvishoma nezvishoma hwekugadzirisa nyika mbiri. Vazhinji vakaona izvi semukana wenhoroondo, asi maitiro acho akambomira nekuda kwemhirizhonga yakaramba ichienderera mberi, kuvaka nzvimbo dzekugara, nyaya dzekupedzisira (Jerusarema, vapoteri, miganhu, kuchengetedzeka), uye dambudziko rekuvimbana kwezvematongerwo enyika.
Intifada Yechipiri (kutanga kwema2000) yakaratidza nguva yemhirizhonga yakapararira, kusanganisira kurwiswa kwevanhuwo zvavo nemabasa emauto. Israel yakavaka fenzi yekuparadzanisa nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana, iyo Israel yaiti yaidzivirira kurwiswa, ukuwo maPalestine aiona nzira dzayo nenjodzi sekutora ivhu uye kuganhurira hupenyu hwezuva nezuva.
MuGaza, mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika akachinja mushure mekunge Hamas yakunda sarudzo dzeparamende dzePalestine muna 2006 uye yakazotora kutonga kweGaza muna 2007, ukuwo PA inotongwa neFatah yakaramba iine simba shoma rekutonga pamusoro pezvikamu zveWest Bank. Kubva ipapo, kupatsanurwa kwemukati mePalestine kwave kuri chipingamupinyi chikuru, nekusawirirana kwezvematongerwo enyika uye nzira dzakasiyana dzekurwisa. Gaza yakatarisanawo nekuvharirwa kwakasimba kweIsrael (pamwe nemirau yakaiswa neEgypt), iyo masangano mazhinji erubatsiro anoti inoomesa mamiriro ehupfumi nemagariro evanhu, ukuwo Israel ichiti kuvharirwa kwacho kune chekuita nekutyisidzirwa kwekuchengetedzwa uye kutengeswa kwezvombo zvisiri pamutemo. Kurwisana kwakadzokororwa pakati peIsrael nemapoka ane zvombo muGaza kwakakonzera kufa kwevanhuwo zvavo uye kukuvara kukuru kwezvivakwa.
Nyaya huru dzinoita kuti zviome kupedzisa
Kune nyaya dzinoverengeka huru dzinodzokororwa munenge muhurukuro dzese:
1. Miganhu nenzvimbo: VaPalestine vanoda nyika iri pamiganhu yepamberi pa1967 ine East Jerusalem seguta rayo guru. Israel inoda miganhu inodzivirirwa uye hurongwa hwakasimba hwekuchengetedza; mativi ezvematongerwo enyika eIsrael anorambawo kubuda zvachose.
2. Chinzvimbo cheJerusarema: Guta iri dzvene rezvitendero zvikuru zvitatu chiratidzo uye nzvimbo yekuzivikanwa. Kutaura kuti munhu ndiye ane simba uye kuti anosvika panzvimbo tsvene zvinonetsa zvikuru.
3. Vapoteri vekuPalestine: Kudiwa kwe "kodzero yekudzoka" kunopesana nezvinonetsa zvehuwandu hwevanhu nezvematongerwo enyika muIsrael. Mhinduro dzinokurukurwa dzinosanganisira muripo, kugariswa patsva, kubatanidzwazve kwemhuri, kana kusanganiswa.
4. Kuchengetedzwa: Israeri inosimbisa kudzivirira kurwiswa kwemaroketi, kubhomba, uye kutyisidzira vanhu vanoyambuka miganhu. Palestine inosimbisa kuchengetedzwa kubva kumhirizhonga yevagari vemo, mashandiro emauto, kusungwa, uye kudzora hupenyu.
5. Kugara kweIsrael kuWest Bank: Kupararira kwavo kwakaita kuti nzvimbo yePalestine iparare uye kwakaita kuti zviome kuumba nyika yakabatana.
6. Kuzivikanwa kwezvematongerwo enyika uye kuva pamutemo: Mapato anoda kuzivikanwa pamwe chete uye vimbiso—kuzivikanwa kweIsraeri senyika yechiJudha, uye kuzivikanwa kwakazara kwekuva nyika yePalestine.
Migumisiro yerubatsiro uye yemagariro evanhu
Kusawirirana uku kune simba guru pahupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Kudivi rePalestine, kurambidzwa kwekufamba, kupinda munyika, kusava nechokwadi kwehupfumi, uye kushungurudzika kunokonzerwa nemhirizhonga inodzokororwa matambudziko akakomba. Kudivi reIsrael, kutyisidzirwa kwekurwiswa kweroketi, kutya, uye kusawirirana kwekuchengetedza zvinoumbawo pfungwa dzevanhu nemaitiro avo. Vana vari kumativi ese vanokura vaine zviitiko zvakasiyana zvekutya uye nyaya dzekutambudzika, zvichiita kuti nzvimbo yekunzwisisana ive shoma. Midhiya yemagariro evanhu uye kupatsanurana kwepasi rose zvinowanzoomesa nzvimbo, zvekuti kutambura kwevanhu dzimwe nguva kunodzivirwa nepropaganda uye kururama kwezvematongerwo enyika.
Tarisiro yekupedzwa
Mhinduro yehurumende mbiri—kunyange ichiri kutsigirwa neruzhinji rwenyika dzepasi rose—inosangana nematambudziko makuru, kunyanya kuchinja kwechokwadi pasi, kupatsanurwa kwezvematongerwo enyika, uye kusavimbana. Vamwe vakatanga kukurukura dzimwe nzira dzakadai senyika imwe chete ine kodzero dzakaenzana, mubatanidzwa, kana gadziriro yepasi rose yakakosha yeJerusarema. Zvisinei, sarudzo yega yega ine zvipingamupinyi zvakakosha: kubva panyaya dzekuzivikanwa kwenyika nekuchengetedzeka kusvika kuhurongwa hwekodzero dzezvematongerwo enyika dzakarurama.
Chero mhinduro yacho iri ipi, zvinodiwa zvinenge zvakafanana nguva dzose: kuguma kwemhirizhonga kuvanhuwo zvavo, kuchengetedzwa kwekodzero dzevanhu, mukana wekubatsira vanhu, kuzvidavirira pakutyorwa kwemitemo, uye hutungamiriri hwezvematongerwo enyika huchida kutora njodzi dzekubvumirana. Pasina izvi, kusawirirana kunowanzoita sekuchinjana kwekutsiva, zvichiita kuti kutambura kuwedzere uye kuwedzera kusavimbana.
Penutup
Hondo yeIsrael nePalestine hainzwisiswi kuburikidza nenyaya imwe chete. Inobva munhoroondo refu uye zviitiko zveboka zvinowanzosangana: kudiwa kwekuchengetedzeka, kururamisira, kuzivikanwa, uye musha. Nekuda kwekuoma uku, nzira yerugare iri kunze kwezvibvumirano zvepamusoro, asiwo inosanganisira kuchinja mamiriro ezvinhu pasi uye kuvakazve kuvimbana pakati penharaunda. Pakati pemakakatanwa ezvematongerwo enyika anopisa, chimwe chinhu chinoramba chiri pachena: vanhuwo zvavo kumativi ese vari kutakura mutoro wemigumisiro yacho. Kuisa pamberi tsika dzevanhu - kodzero yehupenyu, chiremerera, uye rusununguko - ndiyo nhanho diki yekuona kuti ramangwana harizadzwe nematambudziko anodzokororwa.
