Nhoroondo yeTemberi yeBorobudur netsika dzechiJava
Tembere yeBorobudur ndeimwe yemabasa ekuvaka nekunamata akakosha muIndonesia, uye zvechokwadi pasi rose. Iri muMagelang, Central Java, Borobudur inopfuura kungova chivakwa chematombo chinoshamisa, asi nhaka yenhoroondo inonyora mafambiro ezvematongerwo enyika, chitendero, hunyanzvi, uye maonero evanhu vechiJavanese mumakore ese. Kuburikidza nemifananidzo yayo, stupas, uye marongerwo ezviratidzo, Borobudur inoratidza kudzama kwetsika dzechiJavanese, inokwanisa kutora, kugadzirisa, uye kuunza kuhupenyu pesvedzero dzakasiyana-siyana kuti igadzire hunhu hwakasiyana.
Kwakatangira uye Nhoroondo Yekufambira Mberi
Borobudur yakavakwa panguva yehumambo hweSyailendra, kunenge muzana remakore rechisere kusvika rechipfumbamwe CE, apo Mahayana Buddhism yakanga ichibudirira muJava. Munguva iyi, Java yakava nzvimbo yekubudirira kwezvegungwa nekurima, nekubatana kukuru kwekutengeserana nepfungwa neIndia, Sri Lanka, neSoutheast Asia. Borobudur inofungidzirwa kuti yakavakwa panguva yekutonga kwaMambo Samaratungga, nevanhu vane mukurumbira vakaita saGunadharma vanotaurwa kakawanda mutsika dzemuno, kunyangwe humbowo hwenhoroondo huchiri kukakavadzana.
Kuvakwa kwetemberi iyi hombe kunoratidza hunyanzvi hunoshamisa hwekuronga, tekinoroji, uye hunyanzvi hwebasa. Matombo eAndesite akavezwa uye akaiswa pasina simende, zvichienderana nehunyanzvi hwakakosha uye huremu hwematombo. Nzvimbo yacho haina tsaona: Borobudur iri munzvimbo yakakomberedzwa nemakomo uye pedyo nenzizi dzakakosha. MuJavanese cosmology, nzvimbo dzakadaro dzinowanzoonekwa sedzitsvene, nzvimbo yekusangana pakati penyika dzechisikigo nedzemweya.
Zvinoreva Magadzirirwo: Mandala uye Nzira Yekujekeswa
Pakuvaka, Borobudur yakafanana nemandala—mepu yenyika yose mutsika dzechiBuddha—inotungamira vafambi parwendo rwavo rwemweya kuenda kuchiedza. Maumbirwo aBorobudur ane mazinga rimwe nerimwe ane kukosha kwefilosofi. Vafambi vanofamba vachitenderera newachi vachitenderera makoridho edanho rega rega (pradaksina), uku "vachiverenga" mifananidzo inoratidza dzidziso, tsika, uye rwendo rwehupenyu hwaBuddha.
Pfungwa yenzvimbo nhatu muBuddhism inoratidzwa zvakajeka. Nharaunda yepasi inomiririra Kamadhatu (nyika yechido), nhanho dzepakati dzinomiririra Rupadhatu (nyika yechimiro), uye nhanho yepamusoro inomiririra Arupadhatu (nyika isina chimiro). Musoro wegomo, stupa yepakati, unoita seunosimbisa chinangwa chikuru: kunyarara, uchenjeri, uye kubatana kwemukati. Kune tsika dzechiJavanese, dzinoziva zviratidzo zvemweya netsika, rwendo urwu rwakarongwa rwunoenderana nepfungwa yelelaku—maitiro ekuzviriritira kuburikidza nekuzviranga nekuziva.
Runyararo se "Bhuku reMatombo" uye Girazi reHupenyu hwekare hweJavanese
Chimwe chezvinhu zvinosimbisa Borobudur izviuru zvemapaneru ayo erubatsiro. Mifananidzo iyi haingoratidzi nyaya dzechiBuddha chete dzakadai seLalitavistara, Jataka, naAvadana, asiwo inoratidza hupenyu hwekare hwevaJava: dzimba dzakagadzirwa nematanda, zvikepe, misika, mbatya, zvishongo, hunyanzvi, uye kunyange magariro evanhu. Nekuda kweizvi, Borobudur inowanzonzi encyclopedia yetsika dzechiJava dzekare.
Kubva pamifananidzo yacho, tinogona kuona kuti vanhu panguva iyoyo vaiziva nezvekuronga maguta, kufamba netsoka, kurima, uye hupenyu hwakaoma hwechitendero. Zviitiko izvi zvinosimbisa pfungwa yekuti tsika dzechiJava dzaive dzakavhurika uye dzine hunyanzvi kubva pakutanga. Simba reIndia rakasimba muchitendero nemifananidzo, asi kushandiswa kwaro kwaisava kwakashata. Borobudur inoratidza maitiro e "Javaneseization," kana kugadziriswa kwenzvimbo: dzidziso dzekunze nezviratidzo zvaigamuchirwa asi zvakabatanidzwa nerunako rwechiJava, zvisikwa, uye tsika.
Nguva Dzakakanganwika uye Kuwanikwazve
Mushure mekubudirira kwayo, Borobudur yakakanganikwa zvishoma nezvishoma. Zvinhu zvakawanda zvinofungidzirwa: kuchinjika kwenzvimbo yezvematongerwo enyika kuenda kuEast Java, kuchinja kwesimba, uye kumuka kwetsika dzechiHindu nedzechiIslam muJava. Uyezve, kuputika kwemakomo nekuparadzwa kwevhu zvakaitawo basa mukuvhara chivakwa ichi kwemazana emakore. Borobudur haina kunyangarika panyika, asi "yakanyangarika" kubva mukuziva kwevanhu vakawanda.
Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi19, panguva yekutora Java neBritish, Thomas Stamford Raffles akarayira kuti nzvimbo dzekare dziongororwe. Borobudur yakazocheneswa uye yakadzidziswa zvakarongeka. Zvisinei, basa guru rekugadzirisa harina kutanga kusvika muzana remakore rechi20, kunyanya kuburikidza nechirongwa chekugadzirisa chaisanganisira hurumende yeIndonesia neUNESCO muma1970 nema1980. Kugadzirisa uku kwakaratidza chiitiko chakakosha, kudzorera Borobudur senzvimbo yenhaka yetsika kuti zvizvarwa zvinotevera zvinakirwe nekudzidza kubva mairi.
Borobudur mutsika dzechiJavanese: Syncretism uye Kudzidzira Kwemweya
Tsika dzechiJavanese dzinozivikanwa nemaitiro adzo akasiyana-siyana: kugona kubatanidza zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana mukuwirirana. Borobudur chiratidzo chakakosha chehunhu uhwu. Kunyangwe iri chiyeuchidzo chechiBuddha, Borobudur inokura munharaunda yechiJavanese yakasangana nekuchinja kwechitendero nekutenda nekufamba kwenguva. Mune dzimwe tsika, nzvimbo dzekare dzinowanzoonekwa senzvimbo dzesimba remweya. Izvi hazviwanzoenderana netsika dzechiBuddha, asi pane kuremekedza "kawruh" (ruzivo), madzitateguru, uye utsvene hwezvisikwa.
Pfungwa yeJavanese yezvemweya—nekusimbisa kwayo kuzvidzora, kuwirirana, uye kutsvaga zvinoreva—ine hukama nemweya wakaratidzwa naBorobudur. Kufamba-famba pamusoro pematanho kunogona kunzwisiswa semufananidzo we "kukwira" nyika yemukati: kubva pakuchiva, kusvika pakujeka kwechimiro, kusvika kunzvimbo isina chimiro, yakanyarara. Nokudaro, Borobudur inogamuchirwa zviri nyore sechiratidzo chepasi rose, kwete pfuma yeboka rimwe chete rechitendero.
Unyanzvi, Runako, uye Kuzivikanwa kweJavanese
Borobudur yakabatsirawo kugadzira maonero ehunyanzvi muJava: kwete kungoshongedza chete, asi nzira yekudzidzisa nekufungisisa. Mifananidzo yayo inosanganisa runako nebasa redzidzo. Mutsika dzeJava, hunyanzvi hunowanzobatanidzwa nenhungamiro yehupenyu—semu wayang (wayang) iyo inopa dzidziso dzetsika kuburikidza nenyaya. Borobudur inoshanda nepfungwa yakafanana: vanhu vanodzidza nekuona, kufamba, uye kufungisisa.
Uyezve, hunyanzvi hwekuveza uye kuronga kwekuvaka zvinoratidza tsika yakasimba yehunyanzvi. Unyanzvi hwechiJava hwakashanduka kuburikidza nezvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana—Hindu-Buddhist, Islam, colonial, uye yemazuva ano—asi zvinhu zvakafanana zvinoramba zviripo: ruzivo rwakadzama, zviratidzo, uye hukama hwepedyo nezvisikwa nekunamata.
Borobudur Nhasi: Nhaka, Kushanya, uye Matambudziko
Nhasi uno, Borobudur inzvimbo yeUNESCO World Heritage uye inzvimbo huru yevashanyi. Kuvapo kwayo kunounza mabhenefiti ehupfumi uye pfungwa yekuzivikanwa kwenyika, asiwo kune matambudziko: kutarisira huwandu hwakawanda hwevashanyi, kuchengetedza matombo asina kusimba, uye kuchengetedza hutsvene hwenzvimbo iyi yekunamata kweBuddhist, senge panguva yemhemberero yeVesak.
Kune rumwe rutivi, Borobudur ine mukana mukuru senzvimbo yedzidzo yetsika. Zvizvarwa zvevechidiki zvinogona kudzidza nhoroondo yeJava kwete kubva mumabhuku chete, asiwo zvakananga kubva ku "zvinyorwa zvematombo" zvinochengetedza nyaya dzehupenyu mazana emakore apfuura. Chinokosha ndechekuenzana: Borobudur inoda kutarisirwa sechiyeuchidzo chemweya, basa reunyanzvi, uye sosi yeruzivo.
Penutup
Nhoroondo yeTembere yeBorobudur haiparadzaniswi nenhoroondo yetsika dzechiJava. Yakabuda pakakwirira petsika dzechiJava dzekare, yakachengetedzwa munguva, uye yakazoonekwazve sechapupu mumakore ese. Borobudur inodzidzisa kuti tsika dzechiJava dzinobudirira kuburikidza nekuvhurika, zviratidzo zvakadzama, uye kugona kushandura pesvedzero kuita mabasa anopfuura miganhu yechitendero neyenguva. Mukati mega rega rerubatsiro nestupa mune meseji nezverwendo rwevanhu: kuzvironga, kunzwisisa hupenyu, uye kutsvaga uchenjeri. Pakupedzisira, Borobudur haisi chivakwa chete, asi chiratidzo chetsika dzechiJava dzinoramba dzichirarama uye dzichipa zvinoreva kusvika nhasi.
