Kukunda kwevaAztec muSpain
Kukundwa kweUmambo hweAztec neSpain kwaive chimwe chezviitiko zvinonyanya kukosha munhoroondo yeAmerica. Munguva pfupi—makore maviri mushure mekunge Hernán Cortés asvika pakati pesimba reAztec—umambo hukuru, neguta rahwo guru reTenochtitlan, hwakaparara ndokutsiviwa neutongi hweSpain hwekoloni. Asi chiitiko ichi chaive chinopfuura nyaya yeboka revaongorori vekuEurope vachikunda vanhu veko. Yaive nhevedzano yemisangano yezvematongerwo enyika, kubatana, kutengesana, hondo dzepfungwa, kusaenzana kwetekinoroji, uye njodzi dzedenda dzakachinja pamwe chete mamiriro esimba.
Kumashure: Aztec nenyika yeMesoamerica
Vasati vasvika veSpain, maAztec (kana kuti Mexica) vaitungamira network yakakura yemasimba muMesoamerica yese. Humambo uhwu hwakanga husiri nyika yakabatana yemazuva ano, asi hwaive hurongwa hwekutonga kwezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi hwakavakirwa pamubatanidzwa weTriumvirate: Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, naTlacopan. Pasi pehurongwa uhwu, maguta mazhinji akakundwa aifanira kubhadhara mutero muchimiro chechikafu, machira, zvinhu zvakagadzirwa, uye dzimwe nguva kunyange vasungwa vehondo. Mutero uyu wakagadzira budiriro pakati pesimba, asiwo wakagadzira kusawirirana nekutsamwa pakati penharaunda dzainzwa dzichishandiswa zvisina kunaka.
Tenochtitlan pachayo, iyo yaiva pazvitsuwa zveLake Texcoco, yaiva guta rine vanhu vemarudzi akasiyana-siyana rine migero, mabhiriji, misika mikuru, uye zvivako zvikuru zvetemberi. Vanhu vekuSpain vakaona guta iri vakazotsanangura guta racho serakanaka—rakafanana nemaguta ekuEurope—kunyange zvazvo vakaratidzawo tsika yekupa vanhu sezvibayiro, iyo yavakafunga kuti ndiyo nzira yekudzivirira nayo “utsinye” uye kururamisa kukunda kwacho.
Kusvika kwaCortés uye Maitiro Ekutanga
Muna 1519, Hernán Cortés akasvika pamhenderekedzo yeGulf of Mexico. Rwendo rwake rwakabva kuCuba, uye kubva pakutanga, Cortés akaratidza zvishuwo zvakasimba zvematongerwo enyika. Aida zvinopfuura kungotengeserana kana kutsvaga nzvimbo; aitsvaga simba nepfuma. Chimwe chezviito zvaCortés zvekushinga kwaiva kumisa mukana wekudzokera shure nekunyura kana kuparadza dzimwe dzengarava dzake, zvichimanikidza varume vake kuti vazvipire mubasa iri.
Cortés ainzwisisawo kuti aisagona kukunda nzvimbo yakakura seMesoamerica nesimba reSpain chete. Saka, akatsvaga kubatana nemapoka emunharaunda. Mukuita uku, kuvapo kwevaturikiri kwaikosha. Malintzin (anowanzonzi La Malinche), mukadzi wechiNahua ainyatsoziva mitauro yakati wandei, akaita basa guru semuturikiri uye semubatsiri wezvekudyidzana. Kuburikidza naMalintzin, Cortés akakwanisa kutaurirana, kuongorora mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika, uye kushandisa hutsinye hwepakati pemaguta.
Kubatana neVavengi veAztec
Chinokosha pakukunda kwaive kubatana. Nharaunda zhinji dzaimanikidzwa nekuremekedza kwevaAztec dzakaona kusvika kwevaSpanish semukana wekudzora kutonga kwaTenochtitlan. Mumwe wevabatsiri vakakosha vaCortés aive Tlaxcala, mubatanidzwa waive muvengi wevaAztec kwemakore. Mushure mekurwa kwekutanga, Tlaxcala akabvuma kubatsira vaSpanish. Vakapa zviuru zvemasoja, ruzivo rwezvekufambisa, uye ruzivo rwenzvimbo - mipiro yaipfuura mazana emauto eSpain.
Saka, uto raCortés raive mubatanidzwa wemarudzi akasiyana-siyana: boka diki revarwi vekuSpain vane zvombo zvesimbi, mabhiza, nepfuti, vachitsigirwa neboka guru revanhu vemuno vane vavariro dzavo. Ngano dzekukunda dzinongotarisa basa reSpain dzinofuratira chokwadi chekuti hondo iyi yaivewo hondo yezvematongerwo enyika yeMesoamerica.
Kupinda muTenochtitlan uye Dambudziko reHutungamiriri
Mukupera kwegore ra1519, Cortés neuto rake vakapinda muTenochtitlan. Mambo Moctezuma II akavagamuchira, chiito chakatsanangurwa zvakasiyana-siyana nevanyori venhoroondo senzira yekudyidzana kudzora kutyisidzira, sechiratidzo chetsika, kana senzira yekumirira uye kuona. Kazhinji zvinonzi Moctezuma akafungidzira Cortés samwari, asi maonero aya ikozvino ari kukakavadzana zvakanyanya; zvingangoita kuti vakuru veAztec vakaona vaSpanish sezvisikwa zvine ngozi zvaida kubatwa nazvo kuburikidza nekuverenga kwezvematongerwo enyika.
Mamiriro ezvinhu akakurumidza kuipa. Cortés akabata Moctezuma senhapwa mumuzinda wake, achiedza kudzora guta achishandisa zviratidzo zvesimba guru. Kusawirirana kwakawedzera apo vakuru veAztec vakaurayiwa panguva yemhemberero yechitendero (chiitiko chinowanzonzi chakaitwa naPedro de Alvarado panguva yekushaikwa kwaCortés kwenguva pfupi). Tenochtitlan yakatanga nekumukira.
Moctezuma akazofa—chikonzero chaicho chinokakavadzanawo—uye simba rakapfuudzwa kuvatungamiriri vakatevedzana, kusanganisira Cuitláhuac uye Cuauhtémoc. Dambudziko iri rehutungamiri rakaitika pakati pehondo dzemaguta dzaiwedzera utsinye.
La Noche Triste uye Kudzoka kweCortés
Muna 1520, vaSpanish vakamanikidzwa kutiza muTenochtitlan mune yakazozivikanwa seLa Noche Triste (Husiku Hwekusuwa). Munguva yekutiza, varwi vazhinji veSpain neshamwari dzavo dzemuno vakafa vachiyambuka mabhiriji nemigero, vachirwiswa nemauto eAztec. Kune vaAztec, uku kwaive kukunda kukuru, zvichiratidza kuti vaSpanish vaisakundwa.
Zvisinei, Cortés haana kukanda mapfumo pasi. Akaunganazve nevamwe vake, akatsvaga rutsigiro rwakawanda, ndokutanga kugadzira nzira yekukomba. Akavakawo ngarava diki (brigantines) kuti adzore dziva, danho rakakosha nekuti Tenochtitlan yaivimba nemigero yemvura kuti iwane zvekushandisa nekudzivirira.
Denda reSmallpox: "Mubatsiri" Anouraya
Chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvakakonzera kuparara kweAztec kwaiva denda resmallpox rakatanga muna 1520. Chirwere ichi chakaunzwa kubva kuEurasia uye chakanga chisina dziviriro yakakwana kuvanhu veko. Smallpox yakapararira nekukurumidza, ichiuraya vazhinji, kusanganisira varwi, vatungamiriri, nevagariwo zvavo. Dambudziko racho harina kungove kudzikira kwehuwandu hwevanhu chete, asiwo kudzikira kwetsika, kukanganiswa kwehutungamiriri, uye kushaya simba kwekuronga dziviriro.
Zvakaoma kuwedzeredza kukosha kwebasa rezvirwere: kukunda kwemauto kwevaSpanish nevatsigiri vavo kwakaitika mumamiriro ezvinhu enjodzi yevanhu yakaita kuti kuramba kweAztec kuwedzere kuderera.
Kukomba uye Kuwa kweTenochtitlan
Muna 1521, kukombwa kukuru kwakatanga. Nekudzora dhamu kuburikidza nemabrigantines, mauto emubatanidzwa akavhara chikafu nemvura, akaparadza mabhiriji, uye akatora mukana wekupinda muguta rimwe nerimwe. Kurwa kwakasimba kweimba neimba kwakatevera. Tenochtitlan, yaimbova chiratidzo chekubwinya, yakaparadzwa kuita matongo.
Cuauhtémoc, mambo wekupedzisira weAztec, akatungamira kurwisa kusvika kumagumo. Muna Nyamavhuvhu 1521, akabatwa achiedza kutiza achiyambuka dziva. Kubatwa kwake kwakaratidza kuguma kwehutongi hweAztec sehumambo. Pamatongo eTenochtitlan, vaSpain vakavaka Mexico City, nzvimbo yehurumende yekoloni yaizova moyo wezvematongerwo enyika munharaunda iyi.
Mhedzisiro Yekukunda: Kutonga Kwenyika Nekuchinja Kwetsika
Kukunda uku kwakakonzera shanduko huru. Hurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika hweAztec hwakatsiviwa nehutungamiriri hweSpain hwekoloni, kusanganisira hurongwa hweEncomienda, hwaiwanzoshandisa vashandi vemo. Chechi yeKaturike yakaita basa guru mukuita kuti chiKristu chive chechi uye kugadziriswa kwemagariro evanhu. Matembere mazhinji akaparadzwa kana kuvakwazve kuita machechi, uye mutauro netsika zvechiSpanish zvakatanga kupararira munzvimbo dzesimba, kunyange hazvo tsika dzemo dzakaramba dzakabatana.
Nekufamba kwenguva, kukunda uku kwakaguma nemagariro evanhu vane hunhu hwechivanhu, shanduko dzehupfumi kuburikidza nekubatanidzwa mumakambani ekutengeserana eAtlantic, uye kudzikira kukuru kwevanhu veko nekuda kwezvirwere nekushanda nesimba. Zvisinei, nhaka yeMesoamerica inoramba iripo: mumutauro wechiNahuatl, tsika dzekubika, ruzivo rwekurima, hunyanzvi, uye hunhu hwenzvimbo idzodzo huripo nanhasi.
Penutup
Kukunda maAztec muSpain kwakanga kusiri chiitiko chimwe chete chakatsanangurwa ne "hukuru hweEurope muzvombo." Kwaiva kusanganiswa kwehunyanzvi hwaCortés hwezvematongerwo enyika, kupatsanurana kwemukati meMesoamerica, kubatana kwakasimba, dambudziko repamutemo pakati pesimba reAztec, uye, chinonyanya kukosha, kukanganisa kwezvirwere. Kubva mumatongo eTenochtitlan kwakabuda hurongwa hwekoloni hwakaumba nhoroondo yeMexico yemazuva ano. Kunzwisisa kukunda uku kunoona senzira yakaoma - inosuwisa nharaunda dzakawanda - dzine zviratidzo zvichiripo mutsika, zvematongerwo enyika, uye ndangariro dzenhoroondo kusvika nhasi.
