Kuputsika kweRusvingo rweBerlin uye Kuguma kweHondo Yemashoko
Kuputsika kweRusvingo rweBerlin musi wa9 Mbudzi 1989, chimwe chezviitiko zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa munhoroondo yemazuva ano. Kwakanga kusiri kungoputsika kwechivako chekongiri chaiparadzanisa guta, asiwo chiratidzo chekuputsika kwekupatsanurwa kwepfungwa pakati peWestern neEastern Blocs kwakange kwaumba kurongeka kwenyika kwemakumi emakore. Rusvingo rwakamira sechiratidzo chinobatika cheHondo Yemashoko—kusawirirana kwezvematongerwo enyika, mafungiro, uye pesvedzero yepasi rose pakati peUnited States neSoviet Union. Rusvingo parwakavhurwa ndokuzoparadzwa, nyika yakaona shanduko huru dzakakurumidzisa kuguma kweHondo Yemashoko uye dzakagadzira nzira yehurongwa hutsva hweEurope.
Kumashure: Berlin neNyika Yakakamurwa
Mushure mekunge Hondo Yenyika II yapera muna 1945, Germany yakakamurwa kuita nzvimbo ina dzaitongwa neUnited States, Britain, France, neSoviet Union. Berlin—kunyange zvazvo yaiva mukati meSoviet—yakakamurwawo kuita nzvimbo ina. Kusawirirana pakati pevaimbova vatsigiri vehondo kwakakurumidza kuwedzera. Kune rumwe rutivi, Western Bloc yakasimudzira democracy yakasununguka uye hupfumi hwemusika; kune rumwe rutivi, Soviet Union yakagadzira hurumende yemakomunisti ine hupfumi hwakarongwa.
Musiyano uyu wakakonzera kupatsanuka kwechigarire: muna 1949, Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) yakabuda munzvimbo yekumadokero, nepo German Democratic Republic (East Germany) yakabuda pasi pesimba reSoviet. Berlin yakava nzvimbo yekurwisa. Guta iri rakashanda se "chitsuwa chekumadokero" pakati peEast Germany, uye nzvimbo huru yekuparadzira mashoko, kusora, uye kurwira simba.
Sei Rusvingo rweBerlin Rwakavakwa?
Mukupera kwema1950 nekutanga kwema1960, East Germany yakatarisana nedambudziko guru: vanhu vakawanda vakatamira kuMadokero. Vazhinji vekuEast Germany—kunyanya vashandi vane hunyanzvi, nyanzvi, nevechidiki—vakatiza nemuBerlin vachitsvaga rusununguko rwezvematongerwo enyika nemikana yehupfumi muWest Germany. Kutama uku kwakawanda kwakapedza simba revashandi uye kwakaisa hurumende yemakomunisti panjodzi.
Musi wa13 Nyamavhuvhu 1961, hurumende yeEast Germany, ichitsigirwa neSoviet Union, yakatanga kuvaka mudziviriro waizozivikanwa seBerlin Wall. Pakutanga waive newaya dzine minzwa nenzvimbo dzevarindi, wakazoshanduka kuita hurongwa hwakaoma hwezvidziviriro zvekongiri, nharire dzevarindi, marambi emvura, migodhi, uye "nzvimbo dzerufu" dzakagadzirirwa kudzivirira kutiza. Rusvingo rwakaparadzanisa mhuri, rwakagura masocial network, uye rwakava chiratidzo chisingachinjiki che "Iron Curtain" yakaparadzanisa Europe.
Hupenyu Huri Pamativi Aviri Emadziro
Kwemakore anoda kusvika makumi matatu, musiyano uripo pakati pemativi maviri wakaramba uchikura. West Germany yakaona "chishamiso chehupfumi" (Wirtschaftswunder), ichikura nekukurumidza, ichishandisa mari yakawanda, uye yakawedzera rusununguko rwevanhu. East Germany, pasinei nekusimudzira maindasitiri uye ichipa mabasa akasiyana-siyana emagariro evanhu, yaive pasi pehutongi hwakasimba hwemauto ekuchengetedza, kunyanya Stasi (mapurisa epachivande), ayo ainyatsoongorora vagari. Rusununguko rwekutaura nekufamba rwakanga rwakadziviswa zvakanyanya.
Zvisinei, zvakakosha kuziva kuti kugadzikana kweEast Germany kwaisangova nekuda kwekudzora chete, asiwo nekuda kwechimiro cheboka reSoviet, iro rakaramba riripo. Chero bedzi Soviet Union yakaramba yakasimba uye ichikwanisa kupindira, shanduko huru dzaive dzakaoma. Asi pakazosvika makore ekuma1980, hwaro ihwohwo hwakatanga kutsemuka.
Dambudziko reEastern Bloc uye Kubuda kweReform
Pakati pemakore ekuma1980, Soviet Union pasi paMikhail Gorbachev yakatanga mitemo yeperestroika (kugadzirisazve) uye glasnost (kuvhurika). Chinangwa chaive chekuvandudza hupfumi nekuderedza kusamira zvakanaka kwezvematongerwo enyika. Kunyange hazvo shanduko idzi dzisina kuparadzanisa zvakananga boka reSoviet, simba radzo raive rakakura: pfungwa dzekuvhurika nekuchinja dzakakurudzira vanhu vekuEastern Europe kuti vade rusununguko rwakakura.
Panguva imwe chete, hupfumi hwenyika dzeEastern Bloc hwaive pasi pekumanikidzwa: kubereka kwaive kwakaderera, chikwereti chaive chichikwira, zvinhu zvevatengi zvaive zvishoma, uye kusagutsikana kweveruzhinji kwaive kuri kukura. Masangano anopikisa akabuda munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana. MuPoland, sangano revashandi reSolidarity rakapikisa hurumende yemakomunisti. MuHungary, hurumende yakatanga kusunungura masimba uye yakavhura mukana wekuchinja zvinhu.
Chiitiko chakakosha chakaitika apo Hungary yakavhura muganhu wayo neAustria muna 1989. Mukana uyu wakagadzira "nzira yekutiza" kune vekuEast Germany vaida kusvika kuMadokero. Zviuru zvevanhu zvakashandisa mukana uyu. Kumanikidzwa kuhurumende yeEast Germany kwakawedzera zvakanyanya: vakanga vasisakwanise kudzora mafungu evanhu vaida kufamba vachitaura pachena.
Mafungu Ekuratidzira uye Nguva Yekuchinja ya1989
Muna 1989, kuratidzira kukuru kwakatanga mumaguta akasiyana-siyana kuEast Germany, kunyanya Leipzig, mune zvakazozivikanwa seMonday Demonstrations. Zvikumbiro zvakashanduka kubva pakuchinja kushoma kusvika pakukumbira rusununguko, sarudzo dzakarurama, uye kodzero yekufamba. Chirevo chekuti "Wir sind das Volk" (Isu tiri vanhu) chakanzwika, chichipikisa kutaura kwehurumende kuti inomiririra vanhu.
Hurumende yeEast Germany yakanga yave mumatambudziko. Mutungamiriri wekare Erich Honecker akatsiviwa naEgon Krenz, asi shanduko iyi yakanga isina kukwana kuderedza dambudziko iri. Hurumende yakaedza matanho asina kusimba ekuderedza mitemo yekufamba, asi kutaurirana kusina kunaka kwakangowedzera kuputika.
Mbudzi 9, 1989: Rusvingo Rwakavhurwa
Manheru emusi wa9 Mbudzi, 1989, mumwe mukuru weEast Germany, Günter Schabowski, akazivisa pamusangano wevatori venhau kuti mitemo mitsva yekufamba yaizobvumira vagari kuyambuka muganhu. Paakabvunzwa kuti mitemo iyi yaizotanga kushanda riini, Schabowski—nemashoko anovhiringidza—akapindura kuti “pakarepo, pasina kunonoka.” Nhepfenyuro yacho yakapararira nekukurumidza kuburikidza neterevhizheni neredhiyo. Zviuru zvevagari zvakaungana panzvimbo dzekutarisa vanhu paBerlin Wall.
Varindi vemuganhu havana kuwana mirairo yakajeka uye vakatarisana neboka revanhu raikura. Vasina kugadzirira mhirizhonga yakakura—uye zvichida nekuda kwekuchinja kwemamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika—vakazovhura magedhi. Vanhu vanobva kuMabvazuva nekumadokero vakambundirana, vakakwira rusvingo, vakaimba, uye vakapemberera nguva yaimboita seisingabviri. Mumazuva akatevera, vagari vakatanga kuputsa zvikamu zverusvingo nenyundo nemachizoro, vachigadzira zvidimbu zvekufananidzira zvakazozivikanwa se "zviyeuchidzo" zvenhoroondo.
Kukanganisa Kwacho Pakarepo: Kubatanazve kweGermany
Kudonha kweRusvingo rweBerlin kwakabva kwatanga nzira yekubatanazve kweGermany. Muna 1990, hurukuro dzakasimba dzakaitwa pakati peWest neEast Germany, pamwe chete nemasimba mana aivepo (United States, United Kingdom, France, neSoviet Union). Zvakaguma zvaitika zvaive Chibvumirano che "Two Plus Four", icho chakagadzira nzira yekubatanazve kweGermany zvizere. Musi wa3 Gumiguru 1990, kubatanazve kweGerman kwakaitwa zviri pamutemo.
Kubatanazve kwaive nematambudziko. Kubatanidzwa kwehupfumi nemagariro evanhu kwakauya nemutengo wakakosha; mutsauko muhutano nemikana yebasa pakati peEast neWest wakaramba uripo. Zvisinei, mune zvezvematongerwo enyika, kubatanidzwazve kwakaratidza shanduko huru: Germany yaive zvakare nyika imwe chete yeEurope, ine chinangwa chedemocracy uye hupfumi hwemusika.
Kudonha kweRusvingo uye Kuguma kweHondo Yemashoko
Rusvingo rweBerlin runowanzoonekwa se "mugumo weHondo Yemashoko," kunyangwe zviri pamutemo, rwaive rwendo rushoma nezvishoma. Mushure megore ra1989, hurumende dzechikomunisti muEastern Europe dzakaparara imwe neimwe. Muna 1991, Soviet Union yakaparara, uye nyika dzekare dzeSoviet dzakava nyika dzakazvimirira. Hurongwa hwepasi rose hwebipolar hwaimbotongwa neUS neSoviet Union hwakaguma.
Kudonha kwerusvingo kwakava chiratidzo chine simba nekuti kwakaratidza kukundikana kwekuchengetedza kuparadzaniswa kwepfungwa kuburikidza nechisimba. Zvakaratidzawo kuti kusagutsikana kwevanhu, kumanikidzwa kwehupfumi, uye shanduko yezvematongerwo enyika pakati pesimba (Moscow) zvinogona kubatana kuita shanduko isingadzivisike. Mumamiriro ehukama hwepasi rose, nyika yakapinda munguva itsva: nyika zhinji dzeEastern Europe dzakachinja kuita democracy nehupfumi hwemusika, uye dzakatanga kuswedera pedyo nemasangano ekuMadokero akaita seEuropean Union neNATO—kunyange zvazvo maitiro aya akakonzerawo kusawirirana kwezvematongerwo enyika kuripo nanhasi.
Penutup
Kudonha kweRusvingo rweBerlin kwaive nguva yakadarika nhoroondo yeGerman. Kwairatidza kuputsika kwemapoka epfungwa akaumba nyika mushure me1945. Zviitiko zvemusi wa9 Mbudzi 1989, zvakaratidza kuti kunyange zvivakwa zvinoita sezvisingaperi zvinogona kuparara kana kodzero yezvematongerwo enyika yaparara uye vanhu vachida shanduko. Mukurangarira kwepasi rose, Rusvingo rweBerlin rwakanga rusiri chipingamupinyi chemuviri chete, asi muganhu unoparadzanisa rusununguko nekutonga, tariro nekutya, zvakapfuura nezveramangwana. Rusvingo parwakawa, yakanga isiri Berlin chete yakavhurwa—yakanga iri chitsauko chitsva munhoroondo yepasi rose, ichiratidza kuguma kweHondo Yemashoko.
