Kuzvitonga kweIndia kubva kuBritain
Kuzvitonga kweIndia kubva muhutongi hweBritain kwaive chimwe chezviitiko zvakakosha zvikuru munhoroondo yezana remakore rechi20. Yaive nzira refu, yakazara nehondo yaisanganisira mamiriyoni evanhu vanobva kumarudzi akasiyana-siyana, zvitendero, uye mamiriro akasiyana-siyana. India haina kuwana kuzvitonga kuburikidza nechiitiko chimwe chete, asi kuburikidza nekufamba kwezvematongerwo enyika, kuratidzira kukuru, kutaurirana, uye kuchinja kwemamiriro ezvinhu pasi rose izvo zvakazopedzisira zvamanikidza Britain kugumisa hutongi hwevakoloni muIndia. Musi wa15 Nyamavhuvhu 1947, India yakawana kuzvitonga zviri pamutemo, asi kuzvitonga uku kwakauyawo nekuparadzaniswa kwePakistan, zvichisiya mavanga emagariro evanhu nezvematongerwo enyika.
Nhoroondo yekutonga kweBritain muIndia
Kutonga kweBritain muIndia kwakatanga nemabasa ekutengeserana eEast India Company (EIC) muzana remakore rechi17. Kambani iyi yakatanga kutsvaga purofiti kuburikidza nekutengeserana kwezvinonhuwira, machira, nezvimwe zvinhu. Zvisinei, sezvo humambo hwemuno hwakaderera uye simba remauto reEIC richikura, kambani iyi yakatanga kupindira mune zvematongerwo enyika uye kutotora kutonga kwenzvimbo dzakakosha. Kukunda kweEIC paHondo yePlassey muna 1757 kunowanzoonekwa senzvimbo yekuchinja kwakasimbisa kutonga kweBritain muBengal uye kwakagadzira nzira yekutonga kwakakura.
Pakati pezana remakore rechi19, simba reEast India Company rakanga radzika midzi, asi zvakakonzerawo kusagutsikana kwakapararira. Mitemo yemitero yakawanda, shanduko dzemagariro evanhu, uye zviito zvaionekwa sezvinoderedza tsika dzemuno zvakakonzera hasha. Izvi zvakaguma neIndian Rebellion ya1857—inowanzonzi "Sepoy Mutiny"—iyo yaisanganisira mauto eIndia ari pasi pehutungamiriri hweBritain nemapoka akasiyana-siyana emunharaunda. Mushure mekunge kupandukira kwaparadzwa, maBritish akaputsa East India Company ndokutora hutongi hwakananga. Kubva muna 1858, India yaive pasi peBritish Raj.
Mhedzisiro yeUkoloni: Zvehupfumi, Zvemagariro, uye Zvematongerwo enyika
Kutonga kweBritain kwakaunza shanduko huru muchimiro chehupfumi hweIndia. MaBritish akavaka zvivakwa zvakaita senjanji, nhare dzenhare, uye hurongwa hwemazuva ano hwekutonga. Zvisinei, budiriro idzi dzainyanya kunangana nezvinodiwa nekoloni: kurerutsa kutakurwa kwezvinhu zvakagadzirwa nezvirimwa kuenda kuzviteshi zvekutengesa kuBritain, ukuwo misika yezvinhu zvemaindasitiri zveBritain muIndia yakawedzera.
Nekuda kweizvozvo, maindasitiri mazhinji echinyakare eIndia, kunyanya machira, akaderera. Mitemo yehupfumi yekoloni yakakonzerawo urombo uye kusakwanisa kufa nenzara. Nzara huru dzakawanda dzakaitika munguva yekoloni, uye kunyange zvazvo zvikonzero zvayo zvakaoma, vanyori venhoroondo vakawanda vanotenda kuti mitemo yemitero, kugoverwa kwezvekudya zvisina kunaka, uye hupfumi hwakatarisana nekutengesa kunze kwenyika zvakawedzera kutambura kwevanhu.
Munharaunda yezvematongerwo enyika, maBritish akatanga dzidzo yekumadokero uye akagadzira mikana yekubuda kwevanhu vakadzidza avo vakazova simba rekutungamira sangano renyika. Kune rumwe rutivi, mutemo wekuti "paradzanisa utonge" waiwanzowedzera kusawirirana pakati penharaunda, kunyanya pakati pemaHindu nemaMuslim, izvo zvaizoita basa guru mukuparadzanisa India.
Kubuda kweIndian Nationalism
Mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19, sangano remazuva ano renyika rakatanga muIndia. Rimwe remasangano aikosha raive reIndian National Congress (INC), rakavambwa muna 1885. Pakutanga, INC yainyanya kutarisa pakuchinja zvishoma nezvishoma uye yaida kuti maIndia atore chikamu chikuru muhutongi hwemakoloni. Zvisinei, sezvo nguva yaifamba uye kudzvinyirirwa kwemakoloni kwakawedzera, zvikumbiro izvi zvakachinja kuita zvikumbiro zverusununguko rwakazara.
Mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, kwakabuda mafambiro akasiyana-siyana ekuratidzira, kusanganisira sangano reSwadeshi (zvigadzirwa zvemumba) rakatanga mushure mekupatsanurwa kweBengal neBritain muna 1905. Kupatsanurwa uku kwakaonekwa sekuyedza kuparadzanisa nzanga uye kushayisa simba sangano renyika. Swadeshi yakakurudzira kuramba kutenga zvinhu zveBritain uye yakava chiratidzo chekuramba hupfumi.
Kunze kweINC, nzanga yeMuslim yakaumbawo sangano rezvematongerwo enyika rainzi All-India Muslim League muna 1906. Bato iri pakutanga raida kuchengetedza zvido zveMuslim mune zvematongerwo enyika zveIndia, asi gare gare rakazova mutsigiri wepfungwa yekuti maMuslim ave nenyika yakasiyana, kureva Pakistan.
Basa raMahatma Gandhi uye Nzira Yekusaita Zvemhirizhonga
Munhu akakurumbira zvikuru mukurwira kuzvitonga kweIndia aive Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, anozivikanwawo saMahatma Gandhi. Gandhi akagadzira pfungwa yesatyagraha, kuramba kuburikidza nechokwadi uye kusaita mhirizhonga. Nzira iyi yakanga isiri yekungogara pasi, asi yaive nzira yekuramba zvakasimba, kusanganisira kuratidzira, kuramba, kuratidzira murunyararo, uye kuramba kushanda pamwe nehurumende yekoloni.
Gandhi akatungamira mafambiro makuru akati wandei, akadai seNon-Cooperation Movement (1920–1922), iyo yakakurudzira maIndia kuti arambe kushanda pamwe chete nemasangano evakoloni. Akatungamirawo Salt March, kana kuti Dandi March (1930), chiratidzo chekupikisa munyu weBritain. Rwendo rurefu rwekuenda kumahombekombe kunobika munyu wavo rwakava chiratidzo chekupikisa kwakabata pfungwa dzepasi rose.
Masangano aGandhi akabudirira kuunganidza vanhu vazhinji kubva kumativi ese ehupenyu: varimi, vashandi, vatengesi, uye kunyange vakadzidza. Akasimbisawo kubatana kwezvitendero zvakasiyana uye akaramba mhirizhonga munharaunda. Zvisinei, kuchengetedza kubatana uku kwakawedzera kuoma sezvo kusawirirana pakati penharaunda kwakawedzera.
Hondo Yenyika II uye Kuchinja Kwemamiriro Enyika
Hondo Yenyika II (1939–1945) yakakonzera shanduko huru muhutongi hwemakoloni. Britain yaida rutsigiro rwemakoloni ayo, kusanganisira India, kuti irwisane neGermany neJapan. Zvisinei, vatungamiriri vazhinji veIndia vakakumbira kuti rutsigiro urwu ruenderane nevimbiso yerusununguko. Pakasazadziswa chikumbiro ichi, INC yakatanga kufamba kweQuit India (1942), ichikumbira kuti Britain ibve ipapo ipapo.
MaBritish akapindura danho iri nekusunga vanhu vakawanda, kusanganisira vaGandhi nevamwe vatungamiriri veINC. Kunyangwe sangano iri rakadzvinyirirwa, mweya wekuramba wakaramba uripo. Panguva iyi, hondo yakaderedzawo hupfumi hweBritain uye yakawedzera matambudziko munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana. Mushure mehondo, Britain yakatarisana nematambudziko makuru mukuchengetedza matunhu ayo, zvichiwedzerwa nekumanikidzwa kuri kukura kwenyika dzepasi rose kwekubvisa hutongi hwenyika.
Kuenda Kurusununguko uye Kupatsanurwa kweIndia
Pakati pema1940, hurukuro dzakasimba pakati peBritain, INC, neMuslim League dzakawedzera kuva nesimba. Jawaharlal Nehru aive munhu akakosha muINC, ukuwo Muhammad Ali Jinnah achitungamira Muslim League. Jinnah akasimbisa kuti maMuslim aida nyika yakasiyana kuti ive nechokwadi chekodzero dzavo nekuchengetedzeka, ukuwo vatungamiriri vazhinji veINC vaida India yakabatana.
Kusawirirana kwakawedzera kusvika pakuva mhirizhonga munharaunda dzakasiyana-siyana. Britain yakazofunga kukurumidzisa kuchinjirwa kwesimba. Hurongwa hwekuparadzanisa India hwakarongwa, uye musi wa15 Nyamavhuvhu 1947, nyika mbiri dzakazvimirira dzakazvarwa: India nePakistan (panguva iyoyo dzaiva West Pakistan neEast Pakistan, iyo yaizova Bangladesh muna 1971).
Kuparadzaniswa uku kwakakonzera kutama kukuru: mamiriyoni evaHindu nevaSikh vakatamira kuIndia, nepo mamiriyoni evaMuslim vakatamira kuPakistan. Maitiro aya akaperekedzwa nechisimba, kuponda, uye njodzi yevanhu yakauraya vanhu vazhinji. Kuzvitonga, uko kwaifanira kunge kuri nguva yekukunda, kwakashanduka kuva nguva yekuchema kumhuri zhinji.
Zvinoreva Kuzvimirira kweIndia
Kuzvitonga kweIndia kwaikosha zvikuru pasi rose. India yakaratidza kuti masimba eEurope aitonga aigona kukundwa kuburikidza nekufamba kwevanhu vakawanda, kusanganisira nzira dzisina mhirizhonga. Kubudirira kweIndia kwakakurudzira nyika zhinji muAsia neAfrica kuti dzirwire kuzvitonga kwadzo.
KuIndia pachayo, kuzvitonga kwakaratidza kutanga kwehondo itsva: kuvaka nyika ine democracy, kukunda urombo, kubatanidza dunhu rakakura uye rakasiyana-siyana, uye kuchengetedza kugadzikana pakati pemakakatanwa aripo nePakistan, kunyanya pamusoro peKashmir. Zvisinei, India yakaratidzawo kusimba kwezvematongerwo enyika nekuchengetedza hurongwa hwayo hwedemocracy uye kuona budiriro inokurumidza munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana mumakumi emakore akatevera.
Penutup
Kuzvitonga kweIndia kubva kuBritain inyaya yeushingi, kurongeka, uye kutsunga kwerudzi rwakaramba kuzviisa pasi pehutongi hwekoloni. Rwendo rwakatangira musi wa15 Nyamavhuvhu, 1947, rwakanga rwakazara nekuzvipira, mafambiro akaomarara ezvematongerwo enyika, uye shanduko dzepasi rose dzakakurumidza kubvisa hutongi hwekoloni. Kunyangwe kuzvitonga kwacho kwaiperekedzwa nedambudziko rekupatsanurana uye mhirizhonga yemunharaunda, India yakabuda senyika huru ine simba guru panyika. Nhoroondo yekuzvitonga kweIndia inotiyeuchidza kuti rusununguko runowanzo berekwa nekurwira kwenguva refu, uye kuti kuvaka kubatana mushure mekuzvitonga kwakakosha sekusvika pakuzvitonga.
