Zviratidzo zveNhoroondo yeMayan
MaMaya ndeimwe yenzvimbo dzinoshamisa kwazvo dzakambobudirira muAmerica. Zita rekuti "Maya" rinowanzo fungidzira mapiramidhi marefu ari pakati pesango, mifananidzo yakaoma yematombo, uye ruzivo rwezvenyeredzi rwuri pamberi penguva yaro. Zvisinei, nyaya yeMaya inopfuura kungova temberi dzekare uye zvakavanzika zve "uporofita hwezuva rekupedzisira" hwakakurumbira munhau. Nhoroondo yavo inyaya refu yekuumbwa kwemaguta makuru, ma network ekutengeserana, kufambira mberi kwesainzi, hondo dzehumambo hwepakati, uye kusimba kwetsika kwakapfuurira kuburikidza nekutorwa kwenyika. Kutevera nhoroondo yeMaya zvinoreva kunzwisisa kuti budiriro yakavaka sei nyika yakapfuma yemagariro nepfungwa, ichisiya nhaka ichiripo nanhasi.
Nzvimbo nemidzi yeMayan Civilization
Rudzi rweMaya rwakabudirira munharaunda yeMesoamerica, kusanganisira iyo yava kunzi kuchamhembe kweMexico (kunyanya Yucatán Peninsula), Guatemala, Belize, nedzimwe nzvimbo dzeHonduras neEl Salvador. Nzvimbo dzavo dzechisikigo dzaive dzakasiyana-siyana: nzvimbo dzakadzika dzine hunyoro, makomo akaorera, nenzvimbo dziri pamhenderekedzo yegungwa dzaipa mukana wekutengeserana. Kusiyana uku kwakaumba mararamiro eMaya. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, vakajaira masango ane miti yakawanda, nepo mune dzimwe, vaishandisa nzvimbo dzakakwirira kurima zvakanyanya.
Midzi yetsika dzeMaya haina kungoerekana yavapo. Yakakura kubva mukudyidzana kwenguva refu pakati pemapoka eMesoamerica, kusanganisira pesvedzero yetsika dzekare dzeOlmec. Nekufamba kwenguva, nharaunda dzekurima dzakashanduka kuita nzvimbo huru dzekugara, dzine zvivakwa zvakaoma zvemagariro evanhu uye tsika dzechitendero dzakarongwa zvakanyanya.
Nguva Yekutanga: Pre-Classic uye Kuberekwa kweGuta
Nhoroondo refu yevaMaya inowanzo kamurwa kuita nguva huru dzakawanda. Munguva yePreclassic (c. 2000 BC–c. 250 AD), vaMaya vakatanga kuvaka misha inogara kwenguva refu, vachivandudza kurima chibage, bhinzi, nesquash, uye vachiisa hwaro hwepfungwa nehunyanzvi hwaizozobudirira munguva yepakati penyika. Nguva iyi yakaona kubuda kwenzvimbo dzekutanga dzine zvivakwa zvikuru uye maitiro emitambo akasimba, zvichiratidza kutanga kwebudiriro yemaguta.
Kubudirira kwemaguta kwaitungamirirwa kwete nekurima chete, asiwo nekukwanisa kuronga vashandi, kutarisira zviwanikwa, uye kusimbisa kodzero dzezvematongerwo enyika kuburikidza nechitendero nezviratidzo zvesimba. Vatungamiriri vakatanga kuzvigadza sevarevereri pakati pevanhu nenyika yeumwari, pfungwa yaizozove yakatonga muumambo hweMaya.
Nguva Yegoridhe: Nguva Yekare
Nguva yeKare (c. 250–900 CE) inowanzoonekwa senguva yegoridhe yehunhu hweMaya. Panguva iyi ndipo pakamuka maguta makuru akadai seTikal, Palenque, Copán, Calakmul, nemamwe akawanda. Maguta aya akanga asiri "umambo" humwe chete hwaitongwa namambo mumwe chete, asi akanga ari mambure emaguta anokwikwidzana, akabatana, ekutengeserana, uye anorwisana. Guta rega rega raiva nenzvimbo yemhemberero ine piramidhi yematanho, imba yamambo, dare rebhora, uye stelae—zviyeuchidzo zvematombo zvine zvakanyorwa zvairatidza hupenyu hwamambo, kukunda kwake, uye zviitiko zvakakosha.
Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kushamisa zveMaya yekare yaive nzira yavo yekunyora yehieroglyphic yakagadzirwa zvakanyanya. Vakanyora nhoroondo dzemadzimambo, tsika, uye ruzivo rwezvemuchadenga mumahwendefa ematombo nemakodhekisi (manyoro akapetwa). Kunyora kweMaya ikozvino kwave kiyi yekunzwisisa zvematongerwo enyika nehupenyu hwavo hwemagariro, sezvo kuburikidza nemagwaro aya vanochera matongo vanogona kutsvaga madzinza emadzimambo, zviitiko zvemazuva, uye kunyange hukama pakati pemadzimambo.
Sainzi: Nyeredzi neKarenda
VaMaya vaizivikanwa nekutarisa kwavo matenga zvakanyatsonaka. Vaidzidza kutenderera kweZuva, Mwedzi, nemapuraneti akaita seVenus, uye vaibatanidza izvi netsika nenguva chaiyo. Mumaguta mazhinji eMaya, nzira dzekuvaka dzaienderana nezviitiko zvemuchadenga, zvakaita sekubuda kwezuva panopera zuva. Izvi zvinoratidza kubatana kwakasimba kwezvivakwa, chitendero, nesainzi.
VaMaya vakagadzirawo hurongwa hwekarenda hwakaoma kunzwisisa. Vakashandisa makarenda akati wandei panguva imwe chete, kusanganisira Tzolk'in (karenda yetsika yemazuva 260) uye Haab' (karenda yezuva yemazuva 365). Yakakurumbira pane idzi yaive Long Count, hurongwa hwekuverenga nguva kwenguva refu, zvichiita kuti zviitiko zvinyatso nyorwa misi mukati mezviuru zvemakore. Zvakakosha kunzwisisa kuti karenda yeMaya yakanga isiri "uprofita hwezuva rekupedzisira," asi yaive nzira yakarongeka yekunyora nekuronga nguva mukati mehurongwa hwavo hwezvinhu zvose.
Maitiro Emagariro Evanhu, Hupfumi, uye Hupenyu Hwezuva Nezuva
Pasi pekubwinya kwemapiramidhi nedzimba dzehumambo, nzanga yeMayan yaive nezvikamu zvakawanda. Pamusoro paive nemadzimambo nemachinda, vachiteverwa nevapristi, vakuru vakuru, nevatengesi vane mukurumbira. Pasi pavo paive nevashandi vemaoko, varimi, nevashandi vaitsigira maguta kuburikidza nekugadzira chikafu nezvinhu. Kurima kwaive musimboti wehupfumi. Chibage chaikoshesa kwete sechikafu chikuru chete asiwo sechiratidzo chakakosha chechitendero.
Kutengeserana kwakabatanidza maguta uye kwakatosvika kunzvimbo dziri kure. Zvinhu zvakaita seobsidian (girazi rinoputika rinoshandiswa semidziyo), jade, munyu, cacao, minhenga yeshiri yekunze, uye zviumbwa zvedongo zvakava zvinhu zvinokosheswa zvikuru. Nzira idzi dzekutengeserana dzakabatsirawo pakuchinjana mazano, maitiro ehunyanzvi, uye tsika dzetsika.
Panguva iyi, hupenyu hwezuva nezuva hwevaMaya hwakanga hwakazara nemabasa ekurima, mabasa emaoko, misika, uye mhemberero. Mitambo netsika zvaisangova zvevapfumi chete; mabasa mazhinji echitendero aipindirawo muhupenyu hwenzanga. Mitambo yebhora yeMesoamerica, semuenzaniso, yaive mitambo ine mativi ese emagariro uye ekufananidzira, aiwanzobatanidzwa nengano uye mvumo yezvematongerwo enyika.
Dambudziko neKuchinja: Kuparara kwemabhuku ekare
Munenge muzana remakore rechi9, maguta mazhinji makuru kumaodzanyemba kwenyika dzakaderera akapera uye pakupedzisira akasiyiwa. Chiitiko ichi chinowanzonzi "kudonha kweMaya yekare," kunyange hazvo izwi rekuti "kudonha" risingarevi kunyangarika kweMaya. Yaiva hurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika hwemamwe maguta makuru hwakaparara. Zvinotendwa kuti zvikonzero zvacho zvakaoma uye zvakabatana: kumanikidzwa kwevanhu, kuparara kwezvakatipoteredza, kusanaya kwemvura kwenguva refu, kusawirirana pakati pemadzimambo, uye kukanganiswa kwema network ekutengeserana.
Pane kuva njodzi imwe chete, shanduko idzi dzinoita sedzaive nhevedzano yematambudziko akaita kuti dzimwe nzvimbo dzesimba dzisashande. Zvisinei, mune dzimwe nzvimbo, kunyanya kuchamhembe kweYucatán, mamwe maguta akaramba achibudirira munguva yakatevera.
Post-Classical: Maguta Matsva uye Maitiro Ezvematongerwo Enyika
Munguva yePostclassic (c. 900–1500 CE), nzvimbo dzesimba dzakachinja. Chichén Itzá uye gare gare Mayapán vakava maguta akakosha muYucatán. Tsika dzeMaya dzakaramba dzichichinja, dzichitora pesvedzero kubva kune mamwe mapoka eMesoamerica uye dzichigadzira mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika akasiyana neenguva yeClassic. Kutengeserana kwegungwa pamhenderekedzo yegungwa kwakawedzerawo kuzivikanwa, zvichiratidza kuti nzanga yeMaya yakanga isiri yega asi chikamu chenyika ine simba.
Kunyange zvazvo mamwe maguta akaramba achivaka zviyeuchidzo, maitiro ekuvaka uye maitiro esimba zvakachinja. Umambo hwakanga husisina kudzorwa nematombo makuru aimbova, asi hupenyu hwemagariro evanhu netsika hwakaramba hwakasimba. Nhaka yeMaya yenguva iyi inoratidza mwero wepamusoro wekuchinjika—hunhu hwakakosha hwekunzwisisa kuramba kuripo kwehunhu hweMaya.
Kusvika kwevaSpanish neKuramba
VaSpanish pavakasvika muzana remakore rechi16, nyika yeMaya yakanga isiri humambo hune simba hwaigona kukundwa muhondo imwe chete. Yaiva neumambo hwakawanda hwakapararira nenharaunda, imwe neimwe iine zvido zvayo uye mazano ezvematongerwo enyika. Maitiro ekutorwa kwemadzinza aive akareba uye azere nekupikisa. Dzimwe nzvimbo dzakadonha nekukurumidza, nepo dzimwe dzakaramba kwenguva yakareba. Kukundwa kwekupedzisira kwehumambo hweMaya hweTayasal (Nojpetén) muGuatemala, semuenzaniso, hakuna kuitika kusvika muna 1697—anopfuura zana remakore nehafu mushure mekusvika kwekutanga kweSpain.
Kutorwa kwenyika kwakaunza kuparadzwa kukuru: zvirwere zvitsva, kumanikidzwa kushanda, kuitwa kwechiKristu, uye kupiswa kwezvinyorwa zvakawanda. Nekuda kweizvozvo, mabhuku mazhinji akanyorwa echiMaya akarasika. Zvisinei, mamwe magwaro akakosha achiripo, ese ari maviri ari muchimiro chemakodhekisi akapona uye zvinyorwa zvechikoloni zvine tsika dzemuromo dzechiMaya.
Nhaka Mhenyu
Zvisaririra zvenhoroondo yeMaya hazvigumiri pamatongo etemberi. Mamiriyoni evanhu veMaya achiri kugara nanhasi, kunyanya muGuatemala neMexico, pamwe nemuBelize, Honduras, neEl Salvador. Vanochengetedza mutauro wavo, tsika dzavo, machira, hunyanzvi, uye tsika dzakatangira kare, pasinei nekuchinja. Kuzivikanwa kweMaya yemazuva ano chiratidzo chekuti budiriro iyi haina "kunyangarika," asi inoramba iri mumhando dzakasiyana.
Zvichakadaro, tsvakiridzo yezvekuchera matongo uye epigraphic (kudzidza kwekunyora) iri kuramba ichiburitsa nyaya itsva. Tekinoroji dzakadai seLiDAR scanning dzakatowana maitiro ekugara uye zvivakwa zvakavanzwa pasi pedenga remusango, zvichiratidza kuti maguta eMaya angave akakura uye akabatana kupfuura zvaifungidzirwa kare. Kuwanikwa kwega kwega kunowedzera kunzwisisa kwedu kuomarara kwawo: kugona kwawo kutarisira mvura, kuvaka maturusi ekurima, kuronga zvematongerwo enyika, uye kuchengetedza cosmology yakaita kuti hupenyu huve nechinangwa.
Penutup
Nhaka yenhoroondo yevaMaya inyaya yehunyanzvi hwevanhu mukurwisa nharaunda, kuvaka kurongeka kwevanhu, uye kutsvaga zvinoreva kuburikidza neruzivo netsika. Kubva kumisha yekurima yePre-Classic kusvika kumaguta akanaka enguva yeClassic, kubva kumatambudziko ezvematongerwo enyika kusvika kumamiriro ePost-Classic, kusvika pakuramba kutorwa, vaMaya vanoratidza simba rinoshamisa. Nhaka yavo inoonekwa kwete chete mumatemberi ematombo makuru asiwo mumutauro wavo netsika dzavo dziri kuchinja. Kunzwisisa vaMaya kunoreva kuona budiriro sechinhu chipenyu—chinochinja, chinogara kwenguva refu, uye chinoramba chichisiya chiratidzo chayo panyika yanhasi.
