Umambo hweUmayyad uye Kupararira kweIslam
Humambo hweUmayyad (Bani Umayya) hunomiririra chimwe chezvikamu zvakakosha munhoroondo yebudiriro yeIslam. Dzinza iri rakabuda mushure mekutonga kweRashidun Caliphs uye rakava hurumende yekutanga yeIslam kutora chimiro cheumambo hwehumambo, hwakakomberedza nzvimbo yakakura. Pasi peUmayyad, Islam yakavamba kwete sechitendero chete asiwo sehurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika, hwekutonga, hwehupfumi, uye hwetsika hwakapararira mumakondinendi matatu. Basa ravo guru, rinowanzo ratidzwa, raive kubudirira kwavo kuwedzera nzvimbo uye kukurumidza kupararira kweIslam - kuburikidza nekukunda, maitiro ehurumende, uye kudyidzana nevanhu vemunharaunda.
Nhoroondo yeKugadzwa kweDzinza reUmayyad
Dzinza reUmayyad rakatanga kutonga muna 661 CE, apo Mu'awiyah ibn Abi Sufyan akagadzwa kuva caliph mushure mekukakavadzana kwemukati kwakaratidza kuguma kwehutongi hwaAli ibn Abi Talib. Chigaro chehurumende chakatamiswa kubva kuMedina kuenda kuDhamasiko (Syria). Kutama uku kwaikosha nekuti Dhamasiko yaive panzvimbo yakanaka: pedyo nenzira dzekutengeserana kwenyika dzese, ine tsika yekutonga yeByzantine, uye iri nyore kutonga nzvimbo yaikura.
Sarudzo yekugadza hurumende yehumambo yakachinjawo mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika echiIslam. Kunyange hazvo kusarudzwa kwemacaliph kwakasimbisa kutaurirana, nguva yeUmayyad yakaona nzira yekutora nhaka. Kuchinja uku kwakatsoropodzwa nemamwe mapoka, asi kwakagadzirawo kugadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika kwakabatsira kukurudzira kukura kwenzvimbo nekubatana.
Kuwedzera Kwenzvimbo: Kubva Kumabvazuva Kuenda Kumadokero
Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakurumbira munguva yeUmayyad kwaive kuwedzera kukuru kwenzvimbo dzayo. Hutongi hwechiIslam hwakasvika kuNorth Africa, Iberian Peninsula (Spain nePortugal), Central Asia, uye kunyange miganhu yeIndia. Kuwedzera uku kwakaitwa kuburikidza nehondo dzakasimba, asi simba ravo pakupararira kweIslam harina kugara richiitwa "nechisimba" muchitendero. Kazhinji, kukunda kwaireva kuchinja kwesimba rezvematongerwo enyika, nepo nharaunda dzemunharaunda dzaibvumirwa kuita chitendero chadzo pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akati wandei.
Kumadokero, kukundwa kweNorth Africa kwakavhura nzira yekuenda kuAndalusia. Muna 711 CE, uto raitungamirirwa naTariq ibn Ziyad rakayambuka Strait of Gibraltar ndokukunda chikamu chikuru cheumambo hweVisigoth. Kuvapo kwechiIslam muAndalusia kwakazova imwe yenzvimbo dzakanakisa dzekudzidza netsika munhoroondo yepasi rose, gare gare zvichipesvedzera Europe muminda yesainzi, uzivi, mushonga, uye mapurani.
Kumabvazuva, kuwedzera kwevaMuslim kuenda kuKhorasan, Transoxiana (Central Asia), neSind (zvikamu zveIndia-Pakistan) kwakaita kuti vaMuslim vasangane netsika huru dzakadai sePersia neIndia. Kudyidzana uku kwakapfumisa tsika dzechiIslam uye kwakakurumidzisa kuwedzera nharaunda yevaMuslim kuburikidza nemaitiro emagariro evanhu zvishoma nezvishoma.
Maitiro Ekupararira kweIslam Munguva yeUmayyad
Kupararira kweIslam munguva yeUmayyad hakuna kungovimba nesimba remauto chete. Nzira dzinoverengeka dzakakosha dzakabatsira kuti iwedzere kuzivikanwa uye kugamuchirwa munzvimbo itsva.
1. Kutungamira uye Kugadzikana Kwezvematongerwo Enyika
MaUmayyad akagadzira hurongwa hwekutonga hwakarongeka. Vakagadza magavhuna kumapurovhinzi, vakatanga network yehurumende, uye vakachengetedza kuchengetedzwa kwenzira dzekutengeserana. Kugadzikana uku kwakawedzera zvisina kunanga kufamba kwevanhu—vatengesi, vadzidzi, masoja, nevashandi—avo vakaunzawo tsika dzechiArabhu nedzechiIslam kunzvimbo itsva.
2. Kuchinja kweArabic nemutauro wechiArabic
Imwe nzira yakakosha yaive yekushandura hutongi hwechiArabhu. Munguva yekutonga kwaCaliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (685–705 CE), chiArabic chakaitwa mutauro wepamutemo wehurumende, chichitsiva chiGiriki muSyria nePersian munzvimbo dzaimbova dzeSassanid. Mutemo uyu wakaita kuti kutaurirana kwezvematongerwo enyika kuve nyore uye wakasimudzira chinzvimbo chechiArabic semutauro weruzivo, mutemo, nechitendero. Nekufamba kwenguva, vanhu vazhinji veko vakadzidza chiArabic nekuda kwehupfumi nemagariro evanhu, zvichigadzira nzira yekunzwisisa zvakadzama Quran nedzidziso dzeIslam.
3. Mutemo wezvehupfumi nezvemari
MaUmayyad akaitawo shanduko dzezvehupfumi, kusanganisira kugadzira mari yavo yechiIslam. Izvi zvakasimbisa hunhu hwezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi hwenyika yechiIslam. Kusimbiswa kwekutengeserana uye kufambiswa kwemari kwakabatsira kubatanidza maguta makuru akadai seDamascus, Cairo, Kairouan, neCordoba. Ndimo maive nekudyidzana kwetsika dzakasiyana-siyana, uye chiIslam chakapararira kuburikidza nekutengeserana, kuroorana, uye masocial network.
4. Kuparidza kwaUlama uye Kudyidzana Kwevanhu
Pasinei nezvinodiwa nezvematongerwo enyika, kuparidza kwechiIslam kwaiitwa zvakanyanya nenyanzvi dzechitendero, vatongi, nevatungamiriri venharaunda vakatamira kunzvimbo itsva. Nzvimbo dzemaguta dzakava nzvimbo dzekuvandudza mamosque senzvimbo dzekunamata nedzidzo. Kutaurirana kwezuva nezuva pakati pevaMuslim vanobva kune dzimwe nyika nevagari vemo kwaiwanzova chinhu chikuru mukutendeukira kwenharaunda kuIslam, kunyanya pavakaona mabhenefiti emagariro, etsika, uye enharaunda achisimudzirwa nedzidziso dzechiIslam.
Matambudziko: Kusiyana Kwemadzinza Uye Chinzvimbo Chevanhu
Kunyangwe kukura kwayo kwakabudirira, dzinza reUmayyad rakasangana nematambudziko ezvemagariro evanhu nezvematongerwo enyika. Chimwe cheizvi kwaive kusawirirana pakati pevaArabhu nevasiri maArabhu vakatendeukira kuIslam (mawali). Kwenguva yakati, mamawali aionekwa se "ekirasi yechipiri" kana tichienzanisa nemaMuslim echiArabhu, semuenzaniso, mukuwana zvinzvimbo kana mitemo yemitero munzvimbo dzakati. Kusagutsikana uku kwakapedzisira kwaita kuti maUmayyad ashaye simba uye kwakagadzira nzira yeboka rinopikisa raitungamirwa neAbbasid.
Kunyange zvakadaro, maitiro ekuita kuti vanhu vatendeuke muchiIslam akaramba achienderera mberi. Munzvimbo zhinji, vanhu vemunharaunda iyi vaichinja kuita chiIslam zvishoma nezvishoma kwete panguva imwe chete. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, zvaikurumidza nekuda kwekutengeserana uye kuva pedyo netsika, nepo mune dzimwe, zvakatora zvizvarwa zvakawanda nekuda kwezvinhu zvakaita semutauro, tsika, uye mamiriro emagariro evanhu vemunharaunda.
Nhaka Yetsika Nebudiriro
MaUmayyad akasiya nhaka ine simba yebudiriro. Mukuvaka, vakavaka mabasa makuru akadai seDome of the Rock muJerusarema neUmayyad Mosque muDamascus. Zvivako izvi hazvina kungoratidza kufambira mberi muunyanzvi neinjiniya chete asiwo zvairatidza kuvapo kweIslam munzvimbo yaitongwa nemamwe masimba makuru.
MuAndalusia, tsika yeUmayyad yakaramba ichienderera mberi kunyangwe mushure mekuputsika kwehurumende yepakati muDamascus. Kuramba kuripo kweIslam muSpain kwemazana emakore kunoratidza kuti kupararira kwayo hakuna kumira nekukundwa kwekutanga. Islam yakava tsika dzakadzika midzi, zvikaita kuti pave nenzanga ine tsika dzakasiyana-siyana yaisanganisa maArab, maBerber, maRoma, uye nharaunda.
Mhedziso
Humambo hweUmayyad hwakaita basa guru mukupararira kweIslam pasi rose. Kuburikidza nekuwedzera kwenzvimbo, kuumbwa kwehutongi hunoshanda, Arabization, kusimbiswa kwehupfumi, uye mamiriro ezvinhu akaomarara munharaunda, Islam yakashanduka kubva pakuva nharaunda iri paArabian Peninsula kuenda kuhupenyu hwenyika dzakasiyana-siyana. Pasinei nekutsoropodzwa nekukakavadzana kwemukati, maUmayyad akabudirira kuisa hwaro hwezvematongerwo enyika netsika dzakapesvedzera nhoroondo yeIslam yakatevera. Kupararira kweIslam munguva iyi kwaisangova mhedzisiro yekukunda chete, asiwo mhedzisiro yekudyidzana kwevanhu zvishoma nezvishoma, ma network ekutengeserana, uye shanduko dzetsika - zvichiita kuti ive imwe yenguva dzakanyanya kukosha munhoroondo yepasi rose.
