Hondo Yevagari VemuSpain Nemigumisiro Yayo
Hondo yeVagari vemuSpain (1936–1939) yaive imwe yehondo dzakanyanya kutaurwa muEurope yezana remakore rechi20. Yakanga isiri hondo yemukati memapoka mukati meSpain chete, asiwo "hondo yekudzikisa" Hondo Yenyika II: kuyedzwa kwepfungwa, hurongwa hwemauto, kuparadzira mashoko, uye kubatanidzwa kwemasimba ekune dzimwe nyika. Kukanganisa kwayo kwakakura, kubva pakuchinja kwehutongi muSpain kusvika papesvedzero yayo pamatongerwo enyika eEurope, hunyanzvi, uye kurangarira kwemhirizhonga yemazuva ano.
Nhoroondo yeKusawirirana
Midzi yeHondo yeVanhu vekuSpain yakabatana nekusawirirana kwenguva refu munharaunda, mune zveupfumi, uye mune zvematongerwo enyika. Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 Spain yaive nekusava nekodzero yekuva muridzi wevhu, kusawirirana pakati pevashandi nevane mari, uye kusawirirana pakati pemapoka akabudirira uye anochengetedza magariro avo. Humambo hweSpain hwakasangana nedambudziko rekuva nekodzero dzepamutemo, uye muna 1931, Mambo Alfonso XIII akasiya basa mushure mesarudzo dzakasimbisa musasa weRepublican. Saka ndipo pakabuda Second Spanish Republic, iyo yakaunza chirongwa chekuchinja kukuru: kugadzirisa kurima, kurambidzwa kwebasa reChechi yeKaturike mudzidzo, kuvandudzwa kwemauto, uye kuwedzera kwekodzero dzezvematongerwo enyika.
Zvisinei, shanduko idzi dzakakonzera kupikiswa kukuru kubva kune vanhu vanochengetedza magariro avo—varidzi veminda mikuru, vamwe vari muchiuto, nemapoka ezvitendero—avo vakaona nyika senjodzi kuhurongwa hwechinyakare. Kune rumwe rutivi, kuruboshwe rwakakamurwawo pakati pevagadziri vemagadzirirwo vane mwero nevaichinja hurumende vaiona shanduko ichinonoka. Kupatsanurana kwakawedzera: kuratidzira, mhirizhonga yezvematongerwo enyika, uye kurwisana nezvombo zvakawedzera kushaisa simba mamiriro acho ezvinhu.
Hondo yakatanga muna Chikunguru 1936, apo chikamu chemauto chakatanga kurwisa hurumende yeRepublican, iyo yakazotsigirwa nemubatanidzwa wekuruboshwe (Popular Front). Kupandukira uku kwakakundikana kutonga nyika yese, zvikaita kuti Spain ipatsanurwe kuita mapoka maviri: maRepublicans nemaNationalists. Kupesana uku kwakakurumidza kukura kuita hondo yakasununguka.
Mapato Anokakavadzana: MaRepublicans vs. Nationalist
MaRepublicans aisanganisira boka rakasiyana-siyana: maLiberal, maDemocrats emagariro evanhu, maCommunist, maAnarchist, nevamwe vanhu vemunharaunda, vakaita seCatalonia neBasque Country. Vaidzivirira hurumende yeRepublican yaitenderwa nebumbiro remitemo. Mukati meboka iri, maiva nekusawirirana mukati—semuenzaniso, pakati pemaCommunist aive pakati nepakati uye maAnarchist aitsigira chimurenga chemagariro evanhu—izvo zvakazokanganisa kushanda kwehondo gare gare.
MaNationalist, achitungamirirwa naGeneral Francisco Franco, aitsigirwa nemadzimambo, vachengeti vemachechi, maFalangist (mafashisti eSpain), vazhinji vevatungamiriri veChechi yeKaturike, uye mauto aipikisa republican. Vakasimudzira chiono cheSpain "imwe chete, huru, uye yeKaturike", vachiramba kuzvitonga kwenharaunda uye socialism.
Kusawirirana kwacho kwakakurumidza kuva nzvimbo yehondo yepfungwa: democracy republicanism uye social revolution kune rumwe rutivi, vachipesana neudzvanyiriri hwenyika kune rumwe rutivi. Mhirizhonga yakaitika kumativi ese, kusanganisira kuurayiwa kwevanhu kunze kwematare, kutambudzwa kwevanopikisa vezvematongerwo enyika, uye kurwiswa kwezviratidzo zvechitendero nemasangano ezvematongerwo enyika.
Kubatanidzwa kweMasimba Ekune Dzimwe Nyika
Chimwe chikonzero nei Hondo yeVanhu vekuSpain ichionekwa senzira yekutanga kweHondo Yenyika II inyaya yekubatanidzwa kwemasimba ekunze. Nazi Germany neFascist Italy zvakatsigira maNationalist nezvombo, ndege, matangi, vapi vemazano vemauto, uye kunyange mauto. Kurwiswa kwemauto nendege mumaguta kwakava nzira yakakurumbira, kunyanya kubhomba Guernica (1937) neGerman Condor Legion—chiitiko chairatidza kutyisa kwehondo dzemazuva ano nevanhuwo zvavo.
Soviet Union yakatsigira Republic nezvombo, vapi vemazano, uye rutsigiro rwezvematongerwo enyika, kunyange hazvo rubatsiro urwu rwaisagara rwakakwana uye rwaiperekedzwa nesimba guru repfungwa. Uyezve, vazvipiri vepasi rose vanobva kunyika dzakawanda vakabatana neInternational Brigades kudzivirira Republic. Vaibva kuEurope, America, nekune dzimwe nzvimbo, vachitungamirirwa nekubatana kwevanopesana nefascist. Kune rumwe rutivi, nyika zhinji dzedemocracy, dzakadai seBritain neFrance, dzakatevedzera zviri pamutemo mutemo wekuti "hadzipindire," kunyange zvazvo mukuita izvi zvaisava zvisina kwazvakarerekera zvachose uye zvaiwanzobatsira maNationalist nekuda kwekuvharirwa uye kurambidzwa kwerubatsiro kuRepublic.
Nekuda kweizvozvo, hondo yakava hondo isina kuenzana zvakanyanya. Kutsigirana kwakasimba pakati peGermany neItaly kwakabatsira Franco kusimbisa hukuru hwemauto, nepo Republic yaigara isina zvombo zvakakwana uye yakatarisana nekukakavadzana kwemukati.
Nzira yeHondo uye Kukunda kwaFranco
Hondo iyi yakaitika muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana: kurwira nyika, kurwa kwenzvimbo, uye hondo huru dzakadai seMadrid, Jarama, Brunete, Teruel, neEbro. Madrid yakava chiratidzo chekuramba kweRepublican, ichiramba ichirwisa pasinei nekukombwa. Zvisinei, pakupedzisira, kukwirira kwezvekufambisa zvinhu, kubatana kwemauto, uye rubatsiro rwekunze zvakabvumira maNationalist kufambira mberi.
Muna 1939, Barcelona yakakundwa, zvikazotevera kudonha kwemauto eRepublican. Franco akazivisa kukunda musi wa1 Kubvumbi, 1939. Kukundwa kweRepublican kwakakonzera kubuda kwevanhu vazhinji: mazana ezviuru akatizira kuFrance nedzimwe nyika, vazhinji vachitarisana nemisasa yevasungwa kana matambudziko ehupfumi.
Kukanganiswa Kwezvematongerwo Enyika: Hudzvanyiriri hwaFranco
Chinhu chakanyanya kukanganisa kwakaitika kwaiva kutanga kwehutongi hwaFranco hwechisimba, hwakagara kusvika afa muna 1975. Nyika yacho yakashandurwa kuita hutongi hweudzvanyiriri hwaidzvinyirira kupikisa kwezvematongerwo enyika, kurambidza mamwe mapato, kurambidza vezvenhau, uye kurambidza rusununguko rwevanhu. Hunhu hwematunhu akadai setsika nemitauro yeCatalan neyeBasque hwakadzvinyirirwa, sezvo hurumende yaisimbisa hutongi hwepakati uye kufanana kwenyika.
Mushure meHondo Yenyika II, Spain yakaparadzaniswa nekuda kwehukama hwayo hwepedyo nefascism, asi yakazowana chinzvimbo chakakosha mukati meCold War. Nekuti Franco aishora chikominisiti, nyika dzekuMadokero—kunyanya United States—dzakatanga hukama zvishoma nezvishoma, kusanganisira kushandira pamwe kwemauto. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti zvematongerwo enyika pasi rose zvinogona sei "kukanganwira" hurumende dzehudzvanyiriri kuti dziwane pundutso mune zvenyika.
Kukanganiswa Kwemagariro Evanhu: Kushungurudzika, Kudzvinyirirwa, uye Kutama
Hondo yeVagari vemuSpain yakasiya mavanga makuru. Mhirizhonga yakawanda yakaitika kuburikidza nekuurayiwa kwevanhu vakawanda, kuiswa mujeri mune zvematongerwo enyika, kumanikidzwa kushanda, uye "kubviswa" kwevanopikisa pfungwa dzavo. Mhuri zhinji dzakarasikirwa nevadikanwi vadzo vasina nzvimbo dzakajeka dzekuvigwa, zvichikonzera kushungurudzika pakati pezvizvarwa zvakasiyana. Nanhasi, nyaya yekufukunura makuva evanhu vakawanda uye kugadzirisa vakaurayiwa ichiri nyaya yekukurukurirana pachena muSpain, yakabatana nekurangarira nhoroondo nekuyananisa.
Kutama kwevanhu kwakabatsirawo zvikuru. Vapoteri veRepublican vakapararira kuFrance, Mexico, Soviet Union, nedzimwe nyika. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, vakabatsira mutsika nesainzi, asi vazhinji vakarasikirwa nehunhu hwavo uye vakaomerwa nekuchinja.
Kukanganisa Kwehupfumi: Kuderera uye Kuvakazve
Hondo yakaparadza zvivakwa, kugadzirwa kwekurima, uye maindasitiri. Mushure mehondo, Spain yakatarisana nehurombo nenzara, zvakawedzerwa nehurongwa hwehupfumi hwemazuva ekutanga hwaFranco. Muma1950 nema1960 chete, kuburikidza nerusununguko rushoma uye kukura kwekushanya nemaindasitiri, ndipo pakaonekwa "chishamiso" chebudiriro. Zvisinei, kukura uku kwakabatana nekusaenzana uye kwakaitika pasi pehutongi hwezvematongerwo enyika hwaidzvinyirira.
Simba retsika nepfungwa
Hondo yeVagari vemuSpain yakapesvedzera hunyanzvi, mabhuku, uye pfungwa dzezvematongerwo enyika pasi rose. Mufananidzo waPablo Picasso wekuti Guernica wakazova chiratidzo chepasi rose chekurwisa hondo, unoratidza kutambura kwevanhuwo zvavo uye hutsinye hwemabhomba. Vanyori vakaita saGeorge Orwell (akarwa muhondo) vakapa humbowo hwakakosha hwematambudziko ehondo, kusanganisira gakava remukati kuruboshwe. Nyanzvi zhinji dzeSpain dzakaenda kuutapwa, zvichiita kuti pave ne "tsika dzakasiyana-siyana" dzakapesvedzera nyika yeHispanic.
Munyika, kudzora tsika netsika panguva yehutongi hwaFranco zvakaderedza hunyanzvi, asi zvakakonzerawo kurwiswa kwezviratidzo mumabhuku, mimhanzi, uye mitambo.
Mhedzisiro Yenyika Dzose: Zvidzidzo pamusoro peFascism uye Kusapindira
Hondo iyi yakadzidzisa Europe chidzidzo chinorwadza: maitiro ehurumende dzedemocracy asingapindire akakundikana kudzivirira masimba echiFascist kuti asawedzere simba rawo. Spain yakashanda semuenzaniso wekuti kusawirirana kwepfungwa kunogona sei kutungamira kuhondo huru, uye kuti hondo dzemazuva ano dziri kuramba dzichinangana nevanhuwo zvavo kuburikidza nekuparadzira mashoko enhema, kutyisidzira, uye kubhomba.
Hondo yeVagari vemuSpain yakaumbawo chizvarwa chevarwiri verusununguko vanopikisa hutongi hwechiFascist uye yakasimbisa gakava pamusoro penyika dzeruboshwe pamusoro pehurongwa hwechimurenga, kubatana kwezvematongerwo enyika, uye hukama huripo pakati pezvinangwa zvepfungwa uye zvinodiwa nemauto.
Penutup
Hondo yeVagari vemuSpain yaive njodzi yenyika uye chiitiko chepasi rose. Yakagumisa kuedza kweRepublican democracy ndokuisa Spain muhudzvanyiriri hwakareba. Yakashandawo segirazi remakakatanwa epfungwa ezana remakore rechi20, ichiratidza kuti kupatsanurana, kusaenzana, uye kupindira kwevatorwa zvinogona kuparadza sei magariro evanhu. Kukanganisa kwayo kuchiri kunzwika mune zvematongerwo enyika zveSpain nekurangarira kweveruzhinji nhasi—chiyeuchidzo chekuti kuyananiswa uye kururamisira kwenhoroondo zvinowanzoda nguva, ushingi hwezvematongerwo enyika, uye kuda kutarisana nenguva yakapfuura nekuvimbika.
