Tsika neTsika dzechiJapan dzeEdo
Nguva yeEdo (1603–1868) yaive imwe yezvikamu zvakakosha munhoroondo yeJapan. Pasi peutongi hweTokugawa, Japan yakapinda munguva refu yekugadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika mushure memazana emakore ehondo pakati pemadzinza. Kugadzikana uku kwakakonzerawo kukura kwetsika kwakasiyana: hupenyu hwemaguta hwakabudirira, hunyanzvi hwevanhu hwakabudirira, uye tsika dzevanhu dzakasimbiswa. Tsika dzeEdo hadzisi "nguva" yekare yeJapan chete, asi hwaro hwakapesvedzera zvikuru kuzivikanwa kweJapan yemazuva ano - kubva patsika dzebasa uye runako kusvika kutsika dzemazuva ese dzenzanga.
Nhoroondo yeNguva yeEdo uye Maumbirwo Emagariro Evanhu
Vatongi veTokugawa vaitonga muEdo (ikozvino yava Tokyo), zvichiita kuti guta rive muzinda wekutonga uye chikomborero chehupfumi. Nzanga yeEdo yaizivikanwa nehurongwa hwayo hwemapoka hwakasimba: samurai ndivo vaiva pamusoro seboka rinotonga uye vakuru vemauto; varimi vaikosheswa nekuda kwekugadzira kwavo chikafu; uye mhizha nevatengesi vaiva pasi pehutungamiriri hwehurumende. Zvisinei, muchokwadi, vatengesi mumaguta makuru akadai seEdo, Osaka, neKyoto vaiwanzobudirira zvikuru, sezvo hupfumi hwaivatsigira.
Marongerwo aya evanhu akapesvedzera tsika nemararamiro. VaSamurai vaisungirwa nemitemo yetsika nemabasa avo, nepo vanhu vemuguta (chonin)—vatengesi nevashandi vemaoko—vaiva nerusununguko rwakawanda rwekuvandudza tsika dzevaraidzo, mafashoni, nehunyanzvi hwakakurumbira. Izvi zvakakonzera "tsika dzemuguta" dzairatidza Edo: dzaiva nemasimba, dzinoda kutenga, uye dzinoda varaidzo.
Hupenyu hweGuta ne "Ukiyo": Nyika Inoyangarara
Imwe yetsika dzakakurumbira dzeEdo iukiyo, kana kuti "nyika inoyangarara," mufananidzo wehupenyu hwakazadzwa nemafaro enguva pfupi: theatre, mimhanzi, dzimba dzetii, mitambo, nenzvimbo dzevaraidzo dzakadai saYoshiwara muEdo. Munzvimbo idzi, vanhu vakasvika pakukanganwa kwenguva pfupi nezvetsika dzakasimba dzemagariro evanhu. Tsika dzeUkiyo dzakakurudzira kubuda kweunyanzvi hunoratidza hupenyu hwezuva nezuva, runako, uye maguta.
Zvisinei, ukiyo-e yakanga inopfuura kungogara uri muumbozha chete. Yairatidzawo shanduko huru: kumuka kwevanhu vepakati nepakati mumaguta vaine nguva nemari yekunakidzwa nevaraidzo. Mabhuku, mapepa, uye mifananidzo yematanda zvakava nhau dzakakurumbira dzekuparadzira ruzivo nemafambiro, sezvakaita "nhau dzeveruzhinji" dzenguva iyoyo.
Unyanzvi hweUkiyo-e neMabhuku Akakurumbira
Munguva yeEdo ndipo pakazvarwa hunyanzvi hwepasi rose hwekugadzira mapuranga: ukiyo-e. Iyi nzira yekudhinda yaibvumira mifananidzo kugadzirwa nevanhu vakawanda uye kutengeswa nemutengo wakaderera, zvichiita kuti vanhu vakawanda vafarire. Misoro yeUkiyo-e yaisiyana kubva pamifananidzo yevatambi vekabuki nevakadzi vakanaka kusvika kunzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana. Mazita makuru akadai saHokusai naHiroshige akabuda mutsika iyi, achigadzira mabasa anozivikanwa ayo akazokanganisa hunyanzvi hwekuEurope, kusanganisira Impressionism.
Mumabhuku, mabasa anozivikanwa akadai semabhuku evaraidzo asina kunyanya kusetsa uye nyaya dzemakomiki dzinotsoropodza hupenyu hwevanhu zvakawedzerawo. Tsika dzekuverenga dzakawedzera nekuda kwekuwanikwa kwakakura kwedzidzo yepuraimari, kunyanya mumaguta. Kuvapo kwezvikoro zvemunharaunda (terakoya) kwakaita kuti vana vazhinji—kunyanya vanobva kumhuri dzevatengesi—vadzidze kuverenga nekunyora nemasvomhu, vachitsigira mabasa ekutengeserana nekutonga.
Kabuki neBunraku Theatre
Tsika dzeEdo dzaive dzakabatana zvikuru nemitambo yemitambo. Kabuki yakava nzira yakakurumbira yekuvaraidza, ine mitambo yedrama, kutamba, mimhanzi, uye magadzirirwo echikuva anoyevedza. Vatambi veKabuki vakava "vanhu vakakurumbira" venguva iyoyo—zviso zvavo nemasitayera avo zvakatoonekwa muukiyo-e. Kabuki yaivewo nekodhi chaiyo yerunako: makeup inorema, masaini emitambo, uye nyaya dzairatidza kusawirirana pakati pechisungo chemagariro evanhu (giri) nemanzwiro avo ega (ninjo).
Kunze kwekabuki, bunraku, kana kuti nzvimbo yemitambo yemapuppet, yakabudirira, kunyanya muOsaka. Bunraku yaive nemapuppet makuru aifambiswa nevatambi vemapuppet, pamwe chete nerondedzero (joruri) nemimhanzi yeshamisen. Kunyangwe nyaya dzemapuppet, dzaiwanzobata-bata dingindira retsika, rudo runosuwisa, uye kumanikidzwa kwevanhu—zvichiratidza chokwadi chepfungwa chenzanga yeEdo.
Samurai Tsika uye Nhaka yaBushido
Pasinei nerunyararo rwakati wandei munguva yeEdo, boka revaSamurai rakaramba richiita basa rakakosha sevatungamiriri uye zviratidzo zvesimba. Tsika dzevaSamurai—dzinowanzo tsanangurwa mupfungwa yebushido—dzaisimbisa kuvimbika, rukudzo, chirango, uye kuzvidzora. Mukuita, tsika idzi dzakapesvedzera tsika dzebasa netsika, kunyangwe kupfuura boka revaSamurai.
Kukosha kwerukudzo kunoonekwawo mutsika dzemagariro evanhu: kutaura zvine hunhu, kuremekedza vakuru, uye kusimbisa zviito kumhuri nenharaunda. Ngano dzakawanda dzakakurumbira kubva munguva yeEdo, dzakadai sengano ye47 ronin, dzinosimbisa nyaya yekuvimbika nekuzvipira ichiripo mutsika dzeJapan nhasi.
Mhemberero, Chitendero, uye Tsika dzeZuva Nezuva
Tsika dzeEdo dzaive dzakabatana zvakanyanya nekarenda yemitambo uye tsika dzechitendero. ChiShinto nechiBuddha zvaigara pamwe chete, zvichipesvedzera tsika kubva pakuzvarwa kusvika pakuroorana kusvika pakufa. Mitambo (matsuri) yakava mhemberero dzenharaunda dzaisimbisa hukama hwevanhu. Misangano yemikoshi (nzvimbo dzinoyera dzinotakurika), mitambo yemimhanzi, uye mitambo yekuratidzira zvaive zvinhu zvaiwanzoonekwa, zvichiita kuti pave nemhemberero muguta.
Muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva, tsika netsika zvaichengetwa zvakasimba. Kukwazisana, tsika dzevaenzi, uye kunyange tsika dzekugezera mumabhawa everuzhinji (sento) zvakaumba tsika yekubatana. Sento dzaisangova nzvimbo dzekuzvichenesa chete, asiwo nzvimbo dzekushamwaridzana uko vagari vaisangana nekukurukura. Tsika dzekubika dzakabudirirawo: soba, tempura, uye sushi yeEdo-style (edomae-zushi) dzakava dzakakurumbira sechikafu chekukurumidza muguta, chaipihwa vashandi nevatengesi zviri nyore.
Mafashoni, Runako, uye Mabasa Emaoko
Mafashoni eEdo ainyanya kudzorwa nemakimono, ane mapatani akasiyana-siyana anoratidza mwaka, chinzvimbo, uye kuravira. Vatengesi, kunyangwe zvavo vaive veboka rakaderera, vaiwanzova vagadziri vefashoni. Vakagadzira runako rwainzi iki: chimiro chakareruka asi chakanaka, chisina kunyanya kushongedza, asi chine kirasi yakati. Mavara akasviba uye mapatani asina kujeka aiwanzosarudzwa nekuda kwerunako pasina kuratidza pfuma pachena—sezvo mitemo yairambidza hupfumi hwakanyanya.
Mabasa emaoko akabudirirawo, akadai sekugadzira bepa rewashi, zviumbwa zvedongo, zvinhu zvakagadzirwa nelacquer, uye machira. Zvinhu izvi zvakatengeswa zvakanyanya uye zvakava zviratidzo zvemhando yepamusoro yeJapan. Tsika yehunyanzvi (shokunin kishitsu), hunyanzvi hwaitsigira kukwana, yakatanga kudzika midzi munguva iyi.
Kupedzisa: Nhaka yaEdo yeJapan Yemazuva Ano
Tsika netsika dzeEdo Japan musanganiswa wakasiyana wehurongwa hwevanhu pasi pehutongi hweshogunate uye kugona kukuru kwevagari veguta. Kune rumwe rutivi, kwaive nehurongwa hwakasimba hwemapoka, tsika, uye chirango; kune rumwe rutivi, kwaive nekukura kwehunyanzvi hwakakurumbira, mitambo yemitambo, mifananidzo yematanda, uye kunyange chikafu chemumugwagwa. Nguva yeEdo yakatidzidzisa kuti kugadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika kunogona kukurudzira hunyanzvi hwetsika, nepo hupenyu hwemaguta hwakagadzira nzvimbo dzekuvaraidza nekuratidza hunyanzvi.
Nhaka yeEdo ichiri kuoneka nanhasi. Kabuki ichiri kuitwa, ukiyo-e inodzidzwa uye inounganidzwa pasi rese, uye pfungwa dzerunako dzakadai seiki dzinopesvedzera magadzirirwo emazuva ano eJapan. Kunyangwe tsika dzemagariro evanhu—kubva pakutaurirana kwatinoita munharaunda kusvika pakukoshesa basa rakakosha—dzine zviratidzo zvakasimba zvenguva yeEdo. Saka, kunzwisisa tsika dzeEdo kunzwisisa imwe yemidzi yakakosha yeJapan yanhasi.
