Mupiro waMambo Ashoka kuIndia
Mambo Ashoka (akatonga c. 268–232 BC) aive mumwe wevanhu vane simba guru munhoroondo yeIndia. Aive weMauryan Dynasty, humambo hukuru hwakabatanidza nzvimbo dzakakura muIndia panguva yake. Zita raAshoka rinowanzo rangarirwa kwete nekuda kwehunyanzvi hwake hwehondo chete, asi kunyanya nekuda kwekushanduka kwetsika dzake uye maitiro ezvematongerwo enyika mushure meHondo yeKalinga, iyo yakachinja nhungamiro yehutungamiriri hwake kubva pakukunda kuenda kuhurumende yakatarisana nevanhu. Mipiro yake kuIndia yaisanganisira zvematongerwo enyika, magariro evanhu, chitendero, tsika, uye kutonga, simba rayo rakanzwika kwemazana emakore akatevera.
1. Kubatana Kwezvematongerwo Enyika uye Kugadzikana
Chimwe chezvakatanga kuitwa naAshoka kwaive kusimbisa hwaro hweHumambo hweMauryan, hwakavakwa nasekuru vake, Chandragupta Maurya, nababa vake, Bindusara. Pasi paAshoka, umambo hwacho hwaibatanidza chikamu chikuru cheIndia, kusanganisira Afghanistan yemazuva ano nedzimwe nzvimbo dzeCentral Asia. Kubatana uku kwaikosha nekuti kwakagadzira kugadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika kusingawanzoitiki muIndia yekare, iyo yaimbove yakakamurwa nemadzimambo madiki.
Kugadzikana uku kunokanganisa kuchengetedzwa kwekutengeserana, kurongeka kwehutungamiriri, uye kudzikira kwekusawirirana pakati pematunhu. Nehurumende yakasimba iri pakati, nyika inokwanisa kuita marongero everuzhinji pamwero wakakura—chimwe chinhu chakaoma kana matunhu achigara akapatsanurwa.
2. Hondo yeKalinga uye Kuchinja kweHutungamiriri
Chinhu chakachinja muhupenyu hwaAshoka chaive Hondo yeKalinga (c. 261 BC). Kalinga (inenge nzvimbo yeOdisha yanhasi) yaive nzvimbo yakakosha muhurongwa uye mune hupfumi, kunyanya nekuda kwekuwana kwayo kutengeserana mugungwa. Zvisinei, hondo iyi yakakonzera matambudziko makuru. Sekureva kwezvakanyorwa naAshoka, hondo iyi yakaguma nerufu, kutambura, uye kudzingwa kwevanhu vazhinji.
Chinoita kuti chiitiko ichi chive chakakosha hakusi kukunda kwemauto chete, asi kuzvidemba kukuru kwaAshoka mushure mekuona migumisiro yakwo yerubatsiro. Apa ndipo paakachinja maonero ehurumende yake. Akachinja kubva pakukunda nechisimba kuenda kupfungwa ye "kukunda kuburikidza nedhamma" - kukunda kuburikidza nehunhu, tsika, uye kugara zvakanaka kwevanhu. Kuchinja uku kunoita kuti Ashoka ave muenzaniso wakasiyana munhoroondo: mutongi mukuru akabvuma pachena kuzvidemba uye akaiita hwaro hwemitemo yenyika.
3. Pfungwa yeDhamma: Hunhu seMutemo weVeruzhinji
Mupiro wakakurumbira waAshoka waive wekuparadzira misimboti yedhamma. Mumamiriro ezvinhu aAshoka, dhamma yakanga isiri dzidziso yechitendero chete, asi yaive seti yetsika dzepasi rose: kushivirira, kuremekedza vabereki nevadzidzisi, tsitsi kune zvisikwa zvese, kutendeseka, kusarwisa, uye hupenyu huri nyore.
Ashoka akaita kuti dhamma ive hwaro hwehurumende. Uku kwaive kuvandudzwa kukuru: hurumende yaisangotarisa mitero, mitemo, nemauto chete, asiwo pakuvaka nzanga yakabudirira. Aikurudzira kubatana kwevanhu, airambidza mamwe maitiro emhirizhonga, uye aikurudzira kushivirirana kwezvitendero zvakasiyana. Muzvinyorwa zvake, Ashoka akasimbisa kakawanda kukosha kwekudzivisa kutuka zvitendero zvevamwe.
4. Mitemo Yekutarisira Hupenyu Hwakanaka Nehutungamiriri Inotungamirwa Nevanhu
Ashoka anozivikanwa nekugadzira mitemo yeruzhinji yainyanya kutarisisa zvinodiwa nevanhu. Akarayira kuvakwa kwenzvimbo dzeveruzhinji dzakadai semigwagwa, matsime, dzimba dzekuzororera, uye kudyarwa kwemiti mumigwagwa kuti vafambi vagare mumumvuri. Akakurudzirawo hutano, kusanganisira kuumbwa kwezvipatara zvevanhu nemhuka uye kupa mishonga yekurapa.
Mukutonga, Ashoka akatanga hurongwa hwakarongeka hwehurumende. Akagadza vakuru vakuru vainzi dhamma-mahamattas, vakapihwa basa rekutarisira kuitiswa kwetsika dzedhamma, kutarisira hutano hwevanhu, uye kukurudzira kugarisana kwevanhu. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti tsika dzakanaka dzaisangova matauriro chete asi dzaishandurwa kuita nzira dzehurumende.
5. Zvinyorwa zvaAshoka: Nhaka yeEpigraphic uye Kutaurirana Kwezvematongerwo Enyika
Chimwe chinhu chikuru chakaitwa neAshoka inhaka yezvinyorwa zvaAshoka zvakapararira muIndia yese. Zvinyorwa izvi zvakanyorwa pamatombo, mbiru, nemadziro emapako, zvichishandiswa mutauro nemanyorero zvainzwisiswa nevanhu veko. Ichi ndicho chimwe chikonzero nei zvinyorwa zvaAshoka zviri sosi yakakosha yenhoroondo: zvinotaura zvakananga kuvanhu nezvizvarwa zvinotevera.
Muchinyorwa chacho, Ashoka anotsanangura maitiro ake, anotaura mashoko etsika, uye anosimbisa misimboti yekushivirirana uye mutoro wehurumende kuvanhu. Kubva pamaonero enhoroondo yekutaurirana kwezvematongerwo enyika, iyi yaive nhanho yekufambira mberi: vatongi havana kungovimba nevanhu vepamusoro chete asi vakatsvaga kutaurirana nevanhu zvakanyanya.
6. Kutsigira chiBuddha nekupararira kwacho
Ashoka anowanzobatanidzwa nechiBuddha nekuti ndiye aichitsigira uye aichitsigira. Mushure mechiitiko chaKalinga, akatanga kufarira dzidziso dzechiBuddha zvakanyanya. Zvisinei, zvakakosha kuziva kuti kutsigira kwaAshoka chiBuddha hakuna kureva kudzvinyirirwa kwezvimwe zvitendero. Pane kudaro, akasimbisa kushivirirana nekuremekedzana pakati petsika.
Kunyange zvakadaro, kutsigira kwake chiBuddha kwaikosha: akatsigira kuvakwa kwemastupa, mamonasteri, nenzvimbo dzekudzidza. Tsika dzechiBuddha dzinotaurawo kuti Ashoka akaita basa rekuronga makanzuru (misangano mikuru) yakanangana nekusimbisa dzidziso dzechiBuddha nekuderedza kupatsanurana kwemukati.
Chinonyanya kukosha ndechekuti Ashoka yakatumira mamishinari kunze kweIndia, kusanganisira kuSri Lanka nedzimwe nzvimbo dzeAsia, zvichiita kuti chiBuddha chikure kuita chitendero chikuru chemarudzi akasiyana-siyana. Nenzira iyi, simba retsika dzeIndia rakawedzera, uye India yakawana nzvimbo yakakurumbira munhoroondo yepfungwa nemweya yeAsia.
7. Chiratidzo cheNyika cheIndia Yemazuva Ano
Nhaka yaAshoka inodarika nguva dzekare. MuIndia yanhasi, zviratidzo zvine chekuita naye zvakamutsidzirwa sezvinomiririra tsika dzenyika. Ashoka Pillar ine "Shumba Guta guru raAshoka" kuSarnath yakagamuchirwa seNational Emblem yeIndia. Uyezve, Ashoka Chakra—vhiri rine maspika makumi maviri nemana—iri pamureza wenyika yeIndia, ichimiririra kufamba, kufambira mberi, uye tsika muhupenyu hwenyika.
Izvi zvinoratidza kuti Ashoka haasi kungoonekwa samambo wekare chete, asi kuti ndiye anokurudzira tsika dzezvematongerwo enyika. Anoshanda sechiratidzo chekuti simba rinogona kushandiswa nechinangwa chetsika uye hanya nevanhu.
Mhedziso
Mipiro yaMambo Ashoka kuIndia yakanga yakakura uye ine mativi akawanda. Akasimbisa kubatana kwezvematongerwo enyika, akachinja maonero esimba mushure medambudziko reKalinga, akatanga pfungwa yedhamma senzira yekutungamira tsika dzevanhu, akagadzira mitemo yerubatsiro rweveruzhinji, uye akasiya zvakanyorwa zvinoumba nhaka yakakosha yenhoroondo. Kutsigira kwaAshoka chiBuddha kwakabatsira kuwedzera simba retsika dzeIndia kupfuura miganhu yenyika, uye nhaka yake inotoonekwa muzviratidzo zvemazuva ano zveIndia.
Ashoka akaratidza kuti mutongi anotongwa kwete nehukuru hwenzvimbo yaakakunda chete, asiwo nekugona kwake kuunza kururamisira, kubudirira, uye tsika dzekubatsira vanhu. Nekuda kweizvi, anorangarirwa nhasi semumwe wevatungamiriri vane pfungwa dzakapinza munhoroondo yeIndia.
