Kubuda uye Kukura kweBuddha
Pengantar
ChiBuddha chimwe chezvitendero zvikuru pasi rose, chakatangira muIndia yekare, munenge muzana remakore rechitanhatu kusvika rechishanu BC. Chinozivikanwa nedzidziso dzacho pamusoro pekutambura uye nzira yekuvhenekerwa, chakapesvedzera mamiriyoni evanhu vanobva mutsika dzakasiyana-siyana nenzvimbo dzakasiyana. Chinyorwa chino chichatsanangura kubuda nekukura kwechiBuddha kubva pamazuva acho ekutanga kusvika pakupararira kwacho pasi rose.
Nhoroondo yeKubuda kweBuddha
ChiBuddha chakavakirwa pahupenyu nedzidziso dzaSiddhartha Gautama, akazozivikanwa saBuddha. Siddhartha Gautama akaberekerwa muKapilavastu, humambo hudiki munzvimbo yava kunzi Nepal, munenge muna 563 BC. Akaberekerwa mumhuri ine mukurumbira, mwanakomana waMambo Sudhodana naMambokadzi Maya. Zvinonzi uprofita hwakataura kuti Siddhartha aizova mambo mukuru kana kuti munhu anozvinyima zvinhu zvikuru.
Achifadzwa nekutambura kwaakaona munyika—kukwegura, kurwara, rufu, uye kugara mugaro achirarama hupenyu hwekuzvinyima mari yakawanda—Siddhartha akasiya hupenyu hwake hweumbozha hwemuzinda aine makore makumi maviri nemapfumbamwe kuti atsvage kujekeswa uye mhinduro dzekutambudzika kwake. Mushure memakore matanhatu ekutsvaga, kuburikidza nemhando dzakasiyana dzekuzvinyima nekufungisisa, Siddhartha akazowana kujekeswa muBodh Gaya, pasi pemuti weBodhi. Panguva iyi, akava Buddha, "Akajekeswa."
ChiBhudha
Dzidziso dzaBuddha dzinozivikanwa seDharma, iyo ine chokwadi china chakanaka (Catur Aryasatya) uye nzira yakanaka ine zvikamu zvisere (Astangika Marga). Chokwadi china chakanaka ndeichi:
1. Dukkha: Kutambura kuripo muhupenyu. Zvese zvinoumba, zvinoshanduka, uye zvinoparara itsime rekutambudzika.
2. Samudaya: Chinokonzera kutambura chishuwo, makaro, ruvengo uye kusaziva.
3. Nirodha: Kutambura kunogona kupedzwa nekubvisa kuchiva nechishuwo.
4. Marga: Nzira inoenda kumagumo ekutambudzika inopfuura nenzira ine huremu, inova kunzwisisa kwakarurama, kufunga kwakarurama, kutaura kwakarurama, chiito chakarurama, kurarama kwakarurama, kushanda nesimba kwakarurama, kufunga kwakarurama, uye kuisa pfungwa dzako pachinhu chimwe chete.
Pamusoro pezvo, Buddha akadzidzisawo pfungwa dzekusaita zvechisimba (Ahimsa), karma, uye kuberekwa patsva. Mudzidziso idzi, zvisikwa zvese zvipenyu zvinosungirwa nemutemo wekarma—zviito zvakanaka nezvakaipa zvinokanganisa hupenyu hwazvino nehwemangwana.
Kukura KwechiBuddha Kwepakutanga
Mushure mekujekeserwa, Buddha akatanga kudzidzisa vamwe dzidziso dzake. Dzidziso yekutanga yaBuddha yakapihwa muDeer Park kuSarnath, pedyo neBenares (yava kunzi Varanasi), kuvashanu vevaimbova shamwari dzake dzekuzvinyima. Chiitiko ichi chinozivikanwa se "Kutendeuka kweVhiri reDharma" kwekutanga.
Kwemakore makumi mana nemashanu akatevera, Buddha akafamba kuchamhembe kweIndia, achiparadzira Dharma. Akavaka nzanga yemamongi (Sangha), ine varume nevakadzi vakasiya hupenyu hwenyika kuti vatevere nzira yaBuddha. Mushure mekufa kwaBuddha muna 483 BCE, Sangha akaramba nebasa rekuparadzira dzidziso.
Kupararira kuAsia
Kupararira kweBuddhism kwakatanga mushure mekufa kwaBuddha. Mambo Ashoka weMauryan Dynasty aive munhu akakosha mukupararira kwechitendero ichi. Akatanga kutonga kubva muna 268 kusvika 232 BC, Ashoka aive mutongi mukuru akatendeukira kuBuddhism mushure mekutsungirira matambudziko panguva yehondo. Ashoka akatsigira kuvakwa kwe stupas (zviyeuchidzo zveBuddhist) uye viharas (mamongi), uye akatumira mamishinari kunzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeIndia nekune dzimwe nyika, kusanganisira Sri Lanka, Central Asia, neSoutheast Asia.
MuSri Lanka, mumongi Mahinda, mwanakomana waAshoka, ndiye akaunza chiBuddha muzana remakore rechitatu BC. Ikoko, chiBuddha chakava chikamu chakakosha chetsika nehupenyu hwechitendero. Kubva kuSri Lanka, chiBuddha cheTheravada chakazopararira kuBurma (Myanmar), Thailand, Laos, neCambodia.
Panguva iyi, chiBuddha cheMahayana chakakura kuchamhembe kweIndia ndokupararira kuCentral Asia, China, Korea, neJapan kuburikidza neSilk Road. Mahayana yakawedzera zvinhu zvitsva kuchiBuddha, zvakaita sepfungwa yeBodhisattva, chisikwa chinononotsa nirvana kuti chibatsire vamwe kuwana ruzivo.
ChiBuddha muChina neJapan
ChiBuddha chakatanga kusvika muChina muzana remakore rekutanga CE kuburikidza nevatengesi nemamongi. Dzinza reEastern Han rakaita basa guru mukutsigira chiBuddha. Kushandurwa kwemagwaro echiBuddha muchiChinese nedzidziso dzemamongi ane mukurumbira akadai saKumārajīva zvakabatsira kukurudzira chiBuddha muChina. Mapoka echiMahayana akadai saChan (Zen) naTantrayana akabudirira imomo.
Kubva kuChina, chiBuddha chakapararira kuKorea neJapan. MuJapan, chiBuddha chakagamuchirwa nemufaro muzana remakore rechitanhatu AD uye chakava chikamu chakakosha chetsika dzechiJapan. Mapoka akadai saZen naJodo Shinshu akabuda ndokujaira tsika dzechiJapan.
ChiBuddha muTibet
MuTibet, chiBuddha chakatanga kupararira muzana remakore rechi7 CE nekuroorana kwaMambo Songtsen Gampo nemadzimambo maviri aibva kuNepal neChina, avo vakaunza simba rechiBuddha. ChiBuddha cheTibet chakapesvedzerwa zvakanyanya netsika dzeTantric kana kuti Vajrayana uye chakabatanawo nechitendero chevanhu vekuTibet cheBön. Dalai Lama akava mutungamiriri mukuru wezvemweya nezvematongerwo enyika muTibet.
Kuderera uye Kuvandudzwa
Nekupararira kweHinduism neIslam muIndian continent, simba reBuddhism rakatanga kudzikira munyika yaro. Zviyeuchidzo zvakawanda nemamongi zvakaparadzwa nekupindwa kweIslam nekuchinja kwezvematongerwo enyika muIndia mushure mezana remakore rechi11 CE. Zvisinei, Buddhism yakaramba iripo uye yakabudirira muEast neSoutheast Asia.
Muzana remakore rechi19 nerechi20, chiBuddha chakatanga kukwezva kufarira kuMadokero. Nyanzvi dzekuMadokero dzakatanga kudzidza dzidziso dzaBuddha zvakadzama, uye vadzidzisi vekuMabvazuva vakaita saD.T. Suzuki naChögyam Trungpa Rinpoche vakatanga kudzidzisa Dharma muUnited States neEurope. Maonero aBuddha pamusoro pekufungisisa, kufunga zvakanaka, uye kujekeswa akakurudzira vanhu vazhinji pasi rose.
Mhedziso
Kubva pakutanga kwayo kudiki muIndia yekare kusvika pakupararira kwayo pasi rose, Buddhism yakaratidza kusimba kwayo seimwe yezvitendero zvikuru zvevanhu nepfungwa dzavo. Dzidziso dzaBuddha dzichiramba dzichikurudzira uye dzichipesvedzera mamiriyoni evanhu. Munyika ine shanduko dzinogara dziripo, shoko raBuddha retsitsi, uchenjeri, uye nzira yepakati rinoramba riri rinokosha uye richikosha kuvanhu vose.
