Kurwira Rusununguko rwaMahatma Gandhi kwakaitwa neIndia
Mahatma Gandhi, kana kuti Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi zvizere, mumwe wevanhu vane simba guru munhoroondo yepasi rose. Anozivikanwa zvikuru nebasa rake mukurwira rusununguko rweIndia kubva kuhutongi hweBritain. Kurwira kwake, achisimbisa misimboti yekusaita mhirizhonga uye satyagraha (simba rechokwadi), kwakakurudzira mafambiro ekusunungura pasi rose. Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora hupenyu hwaGandhi uye mupiro wake mukuru mukuzvimiririra kweIndia.
Mavambo uye Dzidzo
Gandhi akazvarwa musi wa2 Gumiguru 1869, muPorbandar, taundi diki riri muGujarat, India. Aibva kumhuri yakapfuma; baba vake vaive mukuru wehurumende, uye amai vake vaive vechitendero chakasimba. Gandhi akakurira munzvimbo yechitendero chechiHindu, iyo yaizoumba tsika netsika dzaaikoshesa muhupenyu hwake hwese.
Ava nemakore gumi nemapfumbamwe, Gandhi akatamira kuEngland kunodzidza zvemutemo paUniversity College London. Mushure mekupedza zvidzidzo zvake, akadzokera kuIndia ndokutanga basa rake segweta. Zvisinei, muna 1893, akabvuma basa kuSouth Africa, iyo yaivewo pasi pehutongi hweBritain panguva iyoyo. Chiitiko ichi kuSouth Africa chaive chakakosha pakuumbwa kwepfungwa dzaGandhi dzezvematongerwo enyika nedzemagariro evanhu.
South Africa uye Kutanga kweKuramba
MuSouth Africa, Gandhi akakurumidza kuziva nezverusaruraganda rwakanyanya uye rusarura rwaisangana nevanhu vemuIndia. Chiitiko chakakurumbira chekumanikidzwa kubuda mukamuri repamusoro-soro muchitima nekuda kweruvara rweganda rake chakava chinhu chakachinja zvakanyanya chakasimbisa kuzvipira kwake kurwisa kusaruramisira. Mumakore ake makumi maviri nerimwe ari muSouth Africa, Gandhi akatanga chirongwa chekutanga chekurwisa mhirizhonga chekurwira kodzero dzevaIndia ikoko. Akaronga nharaunda yevaIndia uye akatungamira kuratidzira kwakawanda murunyararo, kunozivikanwa sesatyagrahas.
Kudzokera kuIndia: Kuvaka Sangano
Muna 1915, Gandhi akadzokera kuIndia ndokutanga kusimudzira misimboti yesatyagraha munyika yake. Panguva iyoyo India yaive pasi pehutongi hweBritain, nevanhu vachitambura nemaitiro akasiyana-siyana ekushandisa vanhu zvisina kunaka. Gandhi akaona nhamo yevarimi muChamparan, Bihar, avo vakamanikidzwa kurima indigo nemitengo isina kunaka nevaridzi vevhu vaitsigirwa neBritain.
Gandhi akatanga chirongwa chekuratidzira chisina mhirizhonga muChamparan, icho chakakwezva kutariswa kwenyika nepasi rose. Kukunda muChamparan kwakasimbisa chinzvimbo chake semutungamiri anobudirira mukurwira kodzero dzevanhu. Gandhi akazotangawo mafambiro akafanana muKheda neAhmedabad.
Kusabatana uye Kufamba kweMunyu
Imwe yemasangano makuru akatungamirwa naGandhi yaive Non-Cooperation Movement ya1920-1922. Akakurudzira vanhu vekuIndia kuti varege kutsigira hutongi hweBritain. Izvi zvaisanganisira kuramba zvigadzirwa zveBritain, zvikoro, nematare edzimhosva. Panguva iyi, sangano iri rakabudirira zvikuru, richisanganisira mamiriyoni evanhu vanobva kumativi ese ehupenyu.
Zvisinei, kufamba uku kwakamiswa kwechinguva nekuda kwechiitiko chechisimba chakaitika paChauri Chaura muna Kukadzi 1922, apo varatidziri vakapisa chiteshi chemapurisa, zvikauraya mapurisa akawanda. Gandhi, uyo aitenda zvakasimba mukusaita mhirizhonga, akasarudza kumisa kufamba uku. Izvi zvakaratidza kutendeseka kwake, asingadi kubvuma misimboti yake.
Muna 1930, Gandhi akatanga Salt March (Dandi March), kuratidzira kurwisa kutonga kweBritish pamusoro pemunyu muIndia. Mukufamba uku, Gandhi akafamba makiromita angangoita 240 kubva kuSabarmati Ashram kuenda kumahombekombe egungwa kuDandi kuti agadzire munyu wake. Zviuru zvevanhu zvakapinda mukufamba uku, uko kwakazova chiratidzo chekuramba murunyararo uye kwakakurudzira vanhu kupikisa maitiro ehukoloni. Kufamba kweMunyu kwakakwezva kutariswa kwenyika yose uye kwakawedzera kusimbisa kuda kweIndia kuzvitonga.
Kusiya India Movement uye Kuzvitonga
Mumakore ekuma1940, mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika pasi rose akakanganisawo India. Hondo Yenyika II yakaderedza simba reBritain ndokuisiya iri panjodzi yekumanikidzwa nenyika dzepasi rose. Muna 1942, Gandhi akatanga chirongwa cheQuit India Movement, achikumbira kuti Britain ibve muIndia nekukasika. Akaburitsa chikumbiro chekuti "Do or Die," achikurudzira vanhu veIndia kuti varwe vasingaregi kusvika vawana kuzvitonga.
Nekuda kweQuit India Movement, zviuru zvevanhu, kusanganisira Gandhi nevamwe vatungamiriri veIndian National Congress, vakasungwa nehurumende yekoloni. Zvisinei, mweya wekuramba hauna kudzikira, asi wakawedzera kusimba. Kuburikidza nekumanikidzwa kwakasiyana-siyana kwezvematongerwo enyika, magariro evanhu, uye kwenyika, India yakazowana kuzvitonga musi wa15 Nyamavhuvhu 1947.
Nhaka uye Kufemerwa
Gandhi haana kungorwira rusununguko rweIndia chete asiwo akasimbisa tsika netsika dzezvematongerwo enyika nehondo dzevanhu. Mitemo yesatya (chokwadi) uye ahimsa (kusaita zvechisimba) yaaitsigira uye yaaidzidzisa yakapesvedzera vanhu vakawanda vakuru vemuzana remakore rechi20. Vanhu vakaita saMartin Luther King Jr., Nelson Mandela, naDalai Lama ndevamwe veavo vakafuridzirwa nedzidziso dzake.
Gandhi akasiyawo nhaka muchimiro chepfungwa dzezvehupfumi nedzemagariro evanhu. Akatsigira Swadeshi, kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakagadzirwa munharaunda senzira yekuramba hutongi hwehupfumi, uye akatsigira kuzvitonga nekubudirira kwemisha yeIndia.
Mhedziso
Kurwira kwaMahatma Gandhi kuzvitonga kweIndia kwaive rwendo rurefu, rwakaoma, asi rwakaitwa nekutenda kukuru uye kutsunga. Kuburikidza nemaitiro ake ekusada mhirizhonga uye kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwechokwadi neruramisiro, Gandhi akabudirira kusimbisa mweya wekupikisa pakati pevanhu veIndia uye pakupedzisira akawana kuzvitonga kwenyika yake. Kusvika nhasi, misimboti nedzidziso dzaGandhi zvichiri kukurudzira kurwira rusununguko, kodzero dzevanhu, uye kururamisira kwevanhu pasi rose.
