Kuchinja kweFrance uye Mhedzisiro Yako
Chimurenga cheFrance (1789–1799) chaive chimwe chezviitiko zvakakosha zvikuru munhoroondo yemazuva ano. Kusagadzikana uku hakuna kungogumbusa runyararo rwezvematongerwo enyika nemagariro evanhu muFrance chete asiwo kwakaparadzira pfungwa itsva nezverusununguko, kuenzana, uye kuzvitonga kwevanhu pasi rose. Chimurenga ichi chakaratidza kuguma kwehumambo hwechokwadi uye kuberekwa kwepfungwa yenyika yemazuva ano, iyo yakaisa kukoshesa kukuru kodzero dzevagari. Zvisinei, pasinei nepfungwa dzayo dzakanaka, Chimurenga cheFrance chakasiyawo mhirizhonga, kusawirirana kwemukati, uye shanduko dzaisagara dzakagadzikana.
Nhoroondo yeChimurenga cheFrance
Chimurenga chisati chaitika, France yaive pasi pehurongwa hwemagariro evanhu hwaizivikanwa seAncien Régime. Nzanga yakakamurwa kuita mapoka matatu (estates): First Estate yaive vafundisi (chechi), Second Estate yaive yehumambo, uye Third Estate yaisanganisira ruzhinji rwevanhu—varimi, vashandi vemumaguta, uye kunyange mabhurugwa (vanhu vepakati nepakati vakadzidza nevatengesi). Kusaenzana kwaive pachena: mapoka maviri epamusoro aifarira mikana yakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira kuderedzwa kwemitero, nepo Third Estate yaive nebasa guru rehupfumi.
Dambudziko rezvehupfumi raive chimwe chikonzero chakakosha zvakafanana. France yakasangana nekushomeka kwemari nekuda kwemari inoshandiswa muhondo, kusanganisira kubatanidzwa kwayo muHondo yeMakore Manomwe uye kutsigira Chimurenga cheAmerica. Uyezve, mararamiro eumbozha edare rehumambo pasi paMambo Louis XVI naMambokadzi Marie Antoinette akasvibisa zita rehumambo mumaziso evanhu. Kukundikana kwezvirimwa nemitengo yechingwa—chikafu chikuru—zvakakonzera hasha dzakapararira munharaunda.
Kunze kwezvinhu zvehupfumi nemagariro evanhu, zvinhu zvepfungwa zvakaitawo basa guru. Pfungwa dzekujekeswa nevanhu vakaita saVoltaire, Montesquieu, naRousseau dzakatsoropodza simba guru uye dzakasimbisa kunzwisisa, mutemo, nekodzero dzevanhu. Pfungwa dzechibvumirano chemagariro evanhu nerusununguko rwevanhu dzakakurudzira vazhinji, kunyanya mabhunu, kuti vakumbire shanduko kuhurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika.
Nzira yeChimurenga: Kubva paTariro kuenda kuKusagadzikana
Chimurenga chakatanga kusimba apo Mambo Louis XVI vakaunganidza Estates-General muna Chivabvu 1789 kuti vagadzirise dambudziko remari. Zvisinei, musangano uyu wakava nzvimbo yekurwira zvematongerwo enyika. Third Estate yakada nzira yekuvhota yakarongeka uye yakazvizivisa seNational Assembly. Chiitiko chakakosha chakaitika musi wa14 Chikunguru 1789, apo vanhu vakapinda muBastille, chiratidzo cheudzvinyiriri hwehumambo. Kurwisa kweBastille kwakava chiratidzo chechimurenga uye kwakaratidza kuti simba ramambo rakanga risisina kubatwa.
Pakutanga, shanduko dzakawanda dzakaitwa. Dare reNyika rakabvisa hudzvanyiriri hwehumambo, rakabvisa kodzero dzevakuru, uye muna Nyamavhuvhu 1789 rakaburitsa Chiziviso cheKodzero dzeMunhu nedzeMugari. Gwaro iri rakataura kuti vanhu vese vanozvarwa vakasununguka uye vakaenzana mukodzero, uye kuti hurumende inofanira kutsamira pakuda kwevanhu.
Zvisinei, chimurenga chakakurumidza kupinda muchikamu chakanyanya kushata. Kusawirirana kwemukati kwakamuka pakati pevanhu vane mwero nevane mhirizhonga. Apo umambo hwakapomerwa mhosva yekupandukira hurumende uye hwakaedza kutiza (Varennes Affair, 1791), chivimbo cheveruzhinji chakadonha. Muna 1792, umambo hwakabviswa pachigaro uye France yakaziviswa serepublic. Louis XVI akaurayiwa neguillotine muna Ndira 1793, achiteverwa naMarie Antoinette nguva pfupi yakatevera.
Kuurayiwa kwamambo kwakakonzera kupesana kukuru kubva kumadzimambo eEurope, vachitya kupararira kwechimurenga. France yakapinda muhondo ichirwisa mubatanidzwa wemasimba eEurope. Pakati pehondo nekutya kwezvematongerwo enyika, nguva yakasviba zvikuru yakabuda: Kutonga kweTerror (1793–1794), kwaitungamirirwa neKomiti yeKuchengetedzwa kweVanhu nevanhu vakaita saMaximilien Robespierre. Zviuru zvevanhu zvakaurayiwa nemhosva yekupikisa chimurenga. Pfungwa dzechimurenga dzakashanduka kuita mhirizhonga nekudzvinyirira, zvichiratidza kusasimba kwekuchinja kwezvematongerwo enyika.
Mushure mekudonha kwaRobespierre muna 1794, mamiriro acho ezvinhu akagadzikana zvishoma nezvishoma, asi France yakanga ichiri kushaya hutongi hwakasimba. Nguva yeDirectory (1795-1799) yakaratidzwa nehuori nekusagadzikana. Pakupedzisira, mukuru wemauto wechidiki ainzi Napoleon Bonaparte akatora simba mukuchinja hurumende muna 1799, achivhara chitsauko chechimurenga ndokutanga nguva itsva.
Mhedzisiro yeMusha weChimurenga cheFrance
Chinjo huru yeChimurenga cheFrance yaive shanduko huru muchimiro chezvematongerwo enyika. Humambo hwakakwana hwakaparara, uye pfungwa yekuti simba rinobva kuvanhu yakaramba ichigamuchirwa. Kunyangwe France yakadzokera kuumambo munguva dzakatevera, hwaro hwenyika yanhasi—bumbiro remitemo, paramende, uye pfungwa yemugari—hwakanga hwatovapo.
Mumagariro evanhu, chimurenga chakabvisa hudzvanyiriri hwehumambo uye chakaderedza kutonga kwevapfumi. Kuenzana pamberi pemutemo kwakava musimboti mukuru, zviri pachena. Mikana yehudzvanyiriri yakawedzera sezvo zvinzvimbo zvehurumende nemauto zvaipihwa pachena zvichibva pakugona, pane nhaka.
Muhupfumi, chimurenga chakakonzera shanduko mukuva nevhu. Nyika dzechechi dzakatorwa dzikatengeswa, zvikaita kuti pave nekugoverwa kutsva kwekuva nevhu—kunyange zvazvo kazhinji zvaifarira vanhu vepakati nepakati kupfuura varimi varombo. Uyezve, shanduko muhurongwa hwemitero nehutungamiriri hwehurumende dzaive matanho akakosha ekutungamira hurumende yemazuva ano.
Chimurenga ichi chakachinjawo hukama pakati pehurumende nechechi. Chechi yeKatorike yakarasikirwa neropafadzo dzakawanda, uye hurumende yakatsvaga kudzora masangano echitendero. Mutemo uyu wakakonzera kusawirirana kutsva, kunyanya munzvimbo dzekumaruwa uko zvitendero zvakaramba zvakasimba.
Mhedzisiro yeChimurenga cheFrance paNyika
Chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvakakonzera shanduko huru muFrance kwaive kupararira kwepfungwa dzezvematongerwo enyika dzemazuva ano pasi rose: nyika, rusununguko, rusununguko, uye kodzero dzevanhu. Musimboti wekuti "rusununguko, kuenzana, uye hukama hwehama" (liberté, égalité, fraternité) wakava mutauro wakapfuura miganhu yenyika.
MuEurope, shanduko dzakakonzera kutya kwemadzimambo akazara, asiwo dzakakurudzira mafambiro ekuchinja nyika nedzimwe shanduko. Mafungu erudzi akawedzera, kunyanya sezvo mauto aNapoleon akaparadzira simba reFrance mudunhu rese. Nyika zhinji dzakatanga kusava nechokwadi nezvechokwadi chemadzimambo akazara, uye kuda kwebumbiro remitemo kwakawedzera kusimba muzana remakore rechi19.
MuLatin America, pfungwa dzerusununguko nekuzvitonga kwevanhu dzakabatsira kukurudzira kurwira kuzvitonga kubva kuhudzvanyiriri. Vatungamiriri vakaita saSimón Bolívar naJosé de San Martín vaigara munyika yaikanganiswa nekuchinja kukuru, kusanganisira French Revolution. Kunyange zvazvo mamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana kubva munzvimbo imwe kuenda kune imwe, French Revolution yakaratidza kugona kwesimba rakagadzwa kuputsa mafambiro evanhu.
Chimwe chakakonzerwa nekuchinja kwemitemo. Munguva yekutonga kwaNapoleon, Mutemo waNapoleon wakagadzirwa, uyo wakasimbisa kuenzana pamberi pemutemo uye wakachengetedza kodzero dzepfuma. Mutemo uyu wakapesvedzera masisitimu emutemo munyika dzakawanda muEurope nepasi rose, kusanganisira nzvimbo dzaimbove pasi pesimba reFrance.
Zvisinei, zvakakosha kuziva kuti Chimurenga cheFrance chakaratidzawo divi rakaipa rekuchinja kwemagariro evanhu nezvematongerwo enyika. Mhirizhonga yezvematongerwo enyika, propaganda, uye kupatsanurana zvakapa zvidzidzo zvakakosha zvekuti chimurenga chinogona kukonzera kudzvinyirirwa kutsva kana chikarasikirwa nekutonga kwemasangano netsika. Hurumende zhinji dzakatevera—dzedemocracy nedzehudzvanyiriri—dzakadzidza kubva mukubudirira nekukundikana kwechimurenga.
Mhedziso
Chimurenga cheFrance chaive chinhu chikuru chakachinja nhoroondo yevanhu. Chakaparadza hurongwa hwehumambo neumambo hwese, chakaunza pfungwa yekuva mugari wenyika nekodzero dzevanhu, uye chakabatidza shanduko pasi rose. Uyezve, chimurenga chakaratidzawo kuti nyonganyonga, hutsinye, uye mhirizhonga zvinogona kuitika kana nzanga yachinja zvikuru. Pasinei nekuoma kwayo, Chimurenga cheFrance chinoramba chakakosha kudzidza nekuti chinoratidza kurwira kusingaperi pakati pesimba, kururamisira, uye chishuwo chevanhu chekuzvitonga.
