Kukosha kweChiziviso cheAmerica cheKuzvimirira
Chiziviso cheKuzvitonga cheAmerica, chakaziviswa musi wa4 Chikunguru, 1776, ndechimwe chezvinyorwa zvakakosha munhoroondo yeUnited States nepasi rose. Hachina kungoratidza kuzvarwa kwerudzi rutsva chete asi chakaunzawo shanduko huru mumaonero aiita nyika rusununguko, hurumende, nekodzero dzevanhu. Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora kukosha kweChiziviso cheKuzvitonga cheAmerica kubva pamaonero akasiyana-siyana: nhoroondo, zvematongerwo enyika, magariro evanhu, uye uzivi.
Nhoroondo Yekare
Pakati pezana remakore rechi18, nyika dzeAmerica dzaitongwa neBritain dzakatanga kusagutsikana zvikuru nehurongwa hwehurumende yeBritain. Mitemo iyi yaisanganisira mitero isina vamiriri, mitemo yekutengeserana, nedzimwe nzira dzekudzvinyirira dzakadai seVoyage Acts neTea Act. Kusagutsikana uku kwakakonzera zviitiko zvakawanda, kusanganisira Boston Tea Party muna 1773 uye hondo dzekutanga dzeAmerican Revolutionary War, dzakatanga muna 1775.
Sarudzo yekuzivisa rusununguko haina kutorwa nyore nyore nevatungamiriri vemakoloni. Kukurukurirana kwenguva refu muSecond Continental Congress kwakaguma nekuumbwa kwekomiti yaishanda kunyora chiziviso chepamutemo. Thomas Jefferson akasarudzwa semunyori mukuru, nemipiro yakabva kune vamwe vakaita saJohn Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, naRobert R. Livingston.
Zviri Mukati uye Mharidzo yeChiziviso
Chiziviso cheRusununguko chine zvikamu zvikuru zvakati wandei. Nhanganyaya yacho inoti kana nyika ichida kuparadzana uye kuzvimirira, zviri nyore kuti itsanangure zvikonzero zvayo. Chikamu chechipiri, chinowanzoonekwa sepfungwa huru yegwaro iri, chinotsanangura dzidziso yekodzero dzevanhu nehurumende zvichibva pakubvumirana kwevanhu. Mutsara unozivikanwa zvikuru kubva muchikamu chino unoti:
> “Tinobvuma chokwadi ichi sechinozviratidza chega, kuti vanhu vese vakasikwa vakaenzana, kuti vakapihwa neMusiki wavo kodzero dzisingabviswi, kuti pakati padzo pane hupenyu, rusununguko uye kutsvaga mufaro.”
Chiziviso chacho chakazotsanangura runyorwa rurefu rwezvichemo kana "mhosva" dzaipomerwa Mambo George III, avo vaionekwa sechikonzero chikuru chekuparadzaniswa kwemakoloni neBritain. Rondedzero iyi yairatidza kuti kupandukira kwaive chiito chepamutemo uye chisingadzivisiki nekuda kwekuchinja kwehudzvanyiriri uye kusaremekedza kodzero dzevakoloni.
Kupesvedzera Kwakananga uye Mhedzisiro
Chinhu chikuru chakakonzerwa neChiziviso cheRusununguko kwaive kucherechedzwa nekunyoreswa zviri pamutemo kwemakoloni gumi nematatu ekuAmerica senyika dzakazvimirira, dzakabatana. Danho iri rakapa hwaro hwepamutemo netsika dzeContinental Congress muhondo yehondo neBritain.
Kuzivisa uku kwakakwezvawo kutariswa nerutsigiro rwenyika dzemuEurope, kunyanya France, iyo yakazopa rubatsiro rwemauto nemari kuAmerica. Kubatana neFrance kwaive chinhu chikuru chakakonzera kukunda kweAmerica muHondo yeChimurenga.
Kukanganisa Kwezvematongerwo Enyika Nemagariro Evanhu
Kubudirira kwaro kwakapfuura kuzivikanwa kwenyika dzese nekukunda kwemauto. Chiziviso cheKuzvitonga chakaisawo hwaro hwetsika nezvematongerwo enyika hwekuvandudzwa kwebumbiro remitemo reUnited States nehurongwa hwehurumende. Pfungwa pamusoro perusununguko nekodzero dzevanhu dzakataurwa muChiziviso dzakazova nheyo huru dzakazove muBumbiro reMitemo reUnited States neMutemo weKodzero.
Mumagariro evanhu, gwaro iri rakakonzera shanduko mumaonero evanhu kodzero nerusununguko. Kunyangwe kodzero dzakataurwa muChiziviso dzakanga dzisingashande zvizere kuvanhu vese (kusanganisira varanda nevagari vemuAmerica), dzakagadzira nzira yekuvandudzwa kwakazotevera uye mafambiro ekodzero dzevanhu.
Huzivi uye Mhedzisiro Yenyika Yose
Pamwe zvakanyanya, Chiziviso cheKuzvitonga cheAmerica chakakanganisa zvikuru pfungwa dzezvematongerwo enyika nedzepfungwa pasi rose. Pfungwa yekuti vanhu vese vane kodzero dzisingabviswi yakapikisa hurongwa hwechifeudal neumambo hwepamusoro hwakanga huchiripo muzana remakore rechi18.
Chiziviso ichi chakakurudzira masangano akawanda ekuzvitonga nekodzero dzevanhu pasi rose, kubva kuFrance Revolution yakatevera makumi emakore mashoma gare gare, kusvika kuziviso dzekuzvitonga kwenyika dziri muLatin America neAsia muzana remakore rechi19 nerechi20. Nheyo dzakataurwa muChiziviso cheKuzvitonga dzakapa hurongwa hwakasimba hwemasangano anorwira rusununguko neruramisiro munyika netsika dzakasiyana-siyana.
Kutsoropodzwa uye Kukakavadzana
Pasinei nesimba rayo rakawanda uye pesvedzero dzakanaka, Chiziviso cheKuzvitonga chaive chisina kushoropodzwa nekukakavadzana kwacho. Chimwe chezvishoro zvikuru ndechekuti gwaro iri raive risingawirirane mukushandiswa kwaro kuvanhu vese. Vanyori nevakawanda vevakasaina chiziviso ichi vaive varidzi vevaranda, uye nyaya yeuranda haina kutaurwa zvachose muchinyorwa. Gakava iri rinopa ruzivo rwakakosha mukunzwisisa mamiriro akaomarara emagariro evanhu nezvematongerwo enyika panguva iyoyo.
Zvimwe zvinotsoropodzwa zvinobva pamaonero emazuva ano anonyatsoongorora nyaya dzehumambo neudzvanyiriri. Kusvika papi kwakaita pfungwa dzerusununguko nekodzero dzevanhu dzakaziviswa muDeclaration of Independence kune maNative America nevamwe vanhu vashoma kuchiri nyaya yekukurukurirana.
Mhedziso
Chiziviso cheAmerica cheKuzvitonga inhanho inokosha munhoroondo yepasi rose. Nekuzivisa rusununguko kubva muhutongi hweBritain, gwaro iri harina kungopa mvumo yezvematongerwo enyika kumakoloni eAmerica chete asiwo rakasimudzira pfungwa dzechimurenga pamusoro pekodzero dzevanhu, rusununguko, uye democracy dzinoramba dzichikurudzira mafambiro pasi rose. Kunyangwe pasina kushoropodzwa kwaro nekusakwana kwaro, simba rakanaka reChiziviso richiri kunzwika nanhasi, zvichiita kuti rive rimwe remagwaro ane simba guru munhoroondo yevanhu.
