Kuvandudzwa kweKodzero Dzevanhu uye Kuziviswa Kwadzo
Kodzero dzevanhu (HAM) ikodzero dzakakosha dzinowanikwa nemunhu wese kubva pakuzvarwa, zvisinei nerudzi rwake, dzinza rake, chitendero chake, murume kana mukadzi, chinzvimbo chake munharaunda, kana maonero ake ezvematongerwo enyika. Pfungwa yekuti vanhu vane chiremerera chinofanira kuremekedzwa haisi pfungwa itsva, asi kunzwisisa kwekodzero dzevanhu kwazvino kwakagadzirwa kuburikidza nemaitiro ekare, achikanganiswa nehondo dzezvematongerwo enyika, zvimurenga, hondo, uye kubuda kwemasangano epasi rose. Chimwe chinhu chakakosha mukukura uku kwaive kuberekwa kwezviziviso zvakasiyana-siyana uye zvishandiso zvepamutemo zvakasimbisa kuzivikanwa nekuchengetedzwa kwekodzero dzevanhu.
Midzi Yekare Yekodzero Dzevanhu
Zviratidzo zvekutanga zvekufunga nezvekodzero dzevanhu zvinogona kuwanikwa mumarudzi akasiyana-siyana. Tsika dzemutemo dzeRoma, dzidziso dzezvitendero zvikuru, uye kunyange uzivi hwechiGiriki zvese zvakapa pfungwa pamusoro pekururamisira, chiremera, uye zvinosungirwa nevatongi kune vanhu vavaitonga. Zvisinei, pfungwa ye "kodzero" mupfungwa yemazuva ano—ndiko kuti, kodzero dzinobatwa nevanhu uye dzinotaurwa pamusoro pehurumende—yakanga isati yasimbiswa zvizere.
MuEurope yekare, magwaro akakosha akadai seMagna Carta (1215) akabuda muEngland. Gwaro iri rinowanzotaurwa serimwe rematangidziro ekuganhurirwa kwesimba rehumambo, sezvo raibvuma kuti vatongi vaisagona kuita zvisina musoro vachirwisa machinda uye, zvishoma nezvishoma, vachirwisa vagari. Kunyangwe Magna Carta yakanga isati yataura nezvekodzero dzevanhu pasi rose, yakaisa pfungwa yekuti simba rehurumende rinofanira kuganhurirwa nemutemo.
Izvi zvakaenderera mberi nekuzvarwa kwePetition of Right (1628) neEnglish Bill of Rights (1689), iyo yakasimbisa dziviriro kubva mukusungwa zvisina kurongeka, kodzero yekukumbira, uye miganho pasimba rehumambo. Kubva pane izvi, pfungwa yekuti vagari vane kodzero dzakati dzaifanira kuremekedza yakawedzera kusimba.
Nguva Yekujekeswa uye Chimurenga Chezvematongerwo Enyika
Pfungwa huru yepfungwa dzekodzero dzevanhu dzemazuva ano yakapesvedzerwa zvakanyanya neKujekeswa muzana remakore rechi17 nerechi18. Vazivi vakaita saJohn Locke vakasimbisa "kodzero dzechisikigo" dzevanhu, dzakadai sehupenyu, rusununguko, uye pfuma. Jean-Jacques Rousseau akataura nezvechibvumirano chemagariro evanhu, uko kuvimbika kwesimba kunobva mukubvumirana kwevanhu. Montesquieu akaunza pfungwa yekuparadzaniswa kwemasimba kudzivirira hudzvanyiriri.
Pfungwa idzi dzakabva dzakonzera kumukira kukuru kwezvematongerwo enyika. Chimurenga chekuAmerica chakaburitsa Chiziviso cheKuzvitonga (1776), icho chakazivisa kuti vanhu vese vakasikwa vakaenzana uye vane kodzero dzisingabviswi. Mushure meizvi, Chimurenga chekuFrance chakabereka Chiziviso cheKodzero dzeMunhu nedzeMugari (1789). Gwaro iri rakasimbisa rusununguko, kuenzana pamberi pemutemo, uye hutongi hwevanhu.
Zvisinei, zvirevo izvi zvepakutanga zvaive nemiganhu. Mapoka mazhinji, akadai sevakadzi, varanda, nevanhu vakatorwa, vakanga vasina kodzero dzakaenzana. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kuvandudzwa kwekodzero dzevanhu kwaisava mutsetse wakatwasuka, asi kuti kwaive kuita kwenguva refu kwaigara kuchitsoropodzwa uye kuchiwedzerwa.
Makore Ezana Rechi19 Kusvika Pakutanga Kwezana Remakore Rechi20: Kuwedzera Kwekodzero
Mukati mezana remakore rechi19, hurukuro pamusoro pekodzero dzevanhu yakaenderera mberi pamwe chete neboka revanoda kubvisa kodzero dzevanhu, kurwira kodzero dzevashandi, uye zvinodiwa zvedemocracy. Munyika dzakasiyana-siyana, bumbiro remitemo nekuvandudzwa kwakabuda kwakasimudzira kodzero dzezvematongerwo enyika, dzakadai sekodzero yekuvhota, rusununguko rwevatori venhau, uye rusununguko rwekuungana.
Sangano revashandi rakaratidza kukosha kwekodzero dzezvehupfumi nedzemagariro evanhu: maawa ekushanda akakodzera, muhoro wekurarama, uye mamiriro ekushanda akachengeteka. Uku kwaive kutanga kwekuzivikanwa kwekuti kodzero dzevanhu hadzisi dzekungosunungurwa kubva mukudzvinyirirwa (kodzero dzevanhu nedzezvematongerwo enyika chete), asiwo kodzero yekurarama hupenyu hwakanaka (kodzero dzezvehupfumi, dzemagariro, nedzetsika).
Zvisinei, kune rumwe rutivi, zana remakore rino raivewo rakakurumbira nekutonga kwevapambevhu nehondo, zvichiratidza kuti kuzivikanwa kwekodzero kwakaramba kuri kwekusarudza zvakanyanya. Hondo Yenyika I (1914-1918) yakasimudzira kudiwa kwekushandira pamwe kwenyika dzese kuchengetedza rugare, izvo zvakabereka League of Nations. Zvisinei, League of Nations haina kukwanisa kudzivirira kusawirirana kukuru kwakazotevera.
Hondo Yenyika II uye Kuberekwa kweChiziviso Chepasi Pose cheKodzero Dzevanhu
Kutyisa kweHondo Yenyika II (1939-1945), kusanganisira Holocaust, hutsinye hwehondo, uye kutyorwa kukuru kwevanhu, kwakaratidza shanduko huru mukuvandudzwa kwekodzero dzevanhu. Nyika yakaziva kuti kutyorwa kwerukudzo rwevanhu kwakanga kusiri nyaya yemukati menyika imwe neimwe, asi nyaya yepasi rose inoda mitemo yakafanana.
Mushure mehondo, Sangano reUnited Nations (UN) rakaumbwa muna 1945, riine zvinangwa zvikuru zvekuchengetedza rugare nekusimudzira kuremekedzwa kwekodzero dzevanhu. Musi wa10 Zvita 1948, Dare Guru reUN rakatambira Chiziviso Chekodzero Dzevanhu (UDHR).
Chiziviso ichi chaive chiitiko chakakosha nekuti chakataura kuti dzimwe kodzero nerusununguko zvinoshanda kuvanhu vese, kwese kwese. UDHR ine zvinyorwa makumi matatu zvinofukidza kodzero dzevanhu nedzezvematongerwo enyika (dzakadai sekodzero yekurarama, rusununguko rwekufunga, rusununguko rwechitendero, uye kurambidzwa kwekutambudzwa) pamwe nekodzero dzehupfumi, dzemagariro, nedzetsika (dzakadai sekodzero yedzidzo, yebasa, uye mararamiro akakwana).
Kunyangwe hazvo UDHR isiri chibvumirano chinosunga zviri pamutemo sechibvumirano, chiziviso ichi chakava nesimba guru. Chave chinhu chinoshandiswa pasi rose mutsika nezvematongerwo enyika uye chakakurudzira bumbiro remitemo yenyika dzakawanda nezvibvumirano zvepasi rose.
Zvibvumirano zveKodzero dzeVanhu Pasirose mushure meUDHR
Mushure meUDHR, UN yakagadzira zvimwe zvisungo zvinosunga, kunyanya kuburikidza nezvibvumirano zviviri zvakakosha zvinowanzonzi International Bill of Human Rights:
1. Chibvumirano Chenyika Dzepasi Pose Chekodzero Dzevanhu Nezvematongerwo Enyika (ICCPR) (1966)
Inotonga kodzero dzevanhu nedzezvematongerwo enyika, kusanganisira rusununguko rwekutaura, kodzero yekutongwa zvakanaka, uye kodzero yekutora chikamu muhurumende.
2. Chibvumirano Chenyika Dzepasi Pose Chekodzero Dzehupfumi, Hwemagariro Netsika (ICESCR) (1966)
Inotonga kodzero dzekushanda, hutano, dzidzo, kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu pamwe nekubatanidzwa mutsika.
Pamusoro pezvo, misangano yakasiyana-siyana yedingindira yakaberekerwawo kudzivirira mapoka akati kana kugadzirisa nyaya dzakananga, dzakadai seConvention on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (1965), Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women/CEDAW (1979), Convention on the Rights of the Child/CRC (1989), uye Convention against Torture/CAT (1984).
Izvi zvinoratidza kuti chiziviso chekutanga chakazosimbiswa nehurongwa hwemitemo yepasi rose hwakadzama, kusanganisira nzira dzekushuma dzehurumende, hutungamiriri hwekomiti yenyanzvi, uye matare ekodzero dzevanhu edunhu munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana.
Kuvandudzwa kweKodzero Dzevanhu muIndonesia
MuIndonesia, pfungwa yekodzero nerusununguko yakaratidzwa mukurwira kuzvitonga uye mweya wekuramba hutongi hwenyika. Mushure mekuvandudzwa kwa1998, kusimbiswa kwekodzero dzevanhu kwakawedzera kuoneka kuburikidza nekuchinja kwebumbiro remitemo (kugadziriswa kweBumbiro reMitemo ra1945), iro raisanganisira chitsauko chaicho pamusoro pekodzero dzevanhu. Indonesia yakagadzirawo masangano nemidziyo yepamutemo yakaita seNational Commission on Human Rights (Komnas HAM) nedare rekodzero dzevanhu kuti rigadzirise kutyorwa kwakakomba.
Zvisinei, kushandiswa kwekodzero dzevanhu kunowanzosangana nematambudziko, anosanganisira nyaya dzerusununguko rwekutaura, rusarura, kusawirirana pakurima, uye kunyange kusimbiswa kwemitemo. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti kuzivikanwa muzviziviso nebumbiro remitemo kunofanirwa kuperekedzwa nekuzvipira kwezvematongerwo enyika, masangano akasimba, uye kutora chikamu kweveruzhinji.
Matambudziko Emazuva Ano uye Remangwana reKodzero Dzevanhu
Munguva yazvino, kodzero dzevanhu dzakatarisana nematambudziko matsva. Kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji kunounza nyaya dzekuchengetedzwa kwedata, kuongororwa kwedhijitari, uye kupararira kwemashoko enhema anogona kukonzera ruvengo. Dambudziko remamiriro ekunze rinokonzera kutyisidzira kodzero dzehupenyu, hutano, uye dzimba, kunyanya kumapoka evanhu vasina kuchengetedzeka. Munyika dzakasiyana-siyana, kuwedzera kwehudzvanyiriri hweveruzhinji dzimwe nguva kwakakonzerawo kuti pave nemitemo inorambidza rusununguko rwevanhu.
Saka, kuvandudzwa kwekodzero dzevanhu hakugumiri pakuzivisa. Kodzero dzevanhu dzinofanira kuramba dzichitsanangurwa zvinoenderana nenguva chaiyo pasina kurasikirwa nepfungwa dzadzo huru: chiremera chevanhu, kuenzana, nerusununguko. Zviziviso nezvibvumirano zvepasi rose zvinopa hwaro, asi simba razvo guru riri mukuziva veruzhinji uye ushingi hwekukumbira kuremekedzwa kwekodzero dzevanhu mukushanda.
Penutup
Kuvandudzwa kwekodzero dzevanhu nezviziviso zvavo kunokonzerwa nerwendo rurefu rwakakanganiswa nehondo dzenhoroondo, pfungwa dzefilosofi, uye zviitiko zvinoshungurudza zvevanhu. Kubva pamiganho yesimba rehumambo muMagna Carta, kusvika kupfungwa yekodzero dzechisikigo munguva yeEnlightenment, kusvika ku1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, nyika yave kufambira mberi pakuziva kuti munhu wese ane chiremerera chakaenzana. Zvisinei, matambudziko ekushandiswa achiripo. Naizvozvo, kodzero dzevanhu hadzisi magwaro chete, asi kuzvipira kwakafanana kunofanirwa kuchengetedzwa nguva dzose, kurwirwa, uye kuvandudzwa kuti kurambe kwakakosha mukugadzirisa nyaya dzerubatsiro nhasi uye mune ramangwana.
