Nhoroondo Yese Yenhamo yeHolocaust
Kuurayiwa kweHolocaust kwaive chimwe chezviitiko zvakaipisisa munhoroondo yevanhu muzana remakore rechi20. Izwi rekuti "Holocaust" rinobva pashoko rechiGiriki rekare rekuti "holokauston," zvichireva kuti "munhu akapiswa zvachose." Ndiro izwi rinoshandiswa kureva kuurayiwa kwevanhu kwakaitwa nehurumende yeNazi yeGermany nevatsigiri vayo vachirwisa vaJudha vanosvika mamiriyoni matanhatu vekuEurope pakati pa1941 na1945. Zvisinei, vanhu vakaurayiwa neHolocaust vakanga vasiri vaJudha chete; mamiriyoni evamwe, kusanganisira vaRoma (maGypsies), ngochani, vanhu vakaremara, vanopikisa vezvematongerwo enyika, Zvapupu zvaJehovha, nemamwe mapoka mashoma, vakabatwawo nehutsinye uhwu. Chinyorwa chino chichatsanangura nhoroondo yakazara yedambudziko iri rinotyisa, kubva pamavambo aro, kutangwa kwaro, uye mhedzisiro yaro inogara kwenguva refu.
Latar Belakang
Midzi yeHolocaust inogona kuteverwa kudzokera shure Hondo Yenyika II isati yasvika. Pfungwa dzekuvenga vaJudha hadzina kungoerekana dzabuda munguva yeNazi; ruvengo kuvaJudha rwakanga rwuripo muEurope kwemazana emakore. Mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19 nekutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, dzidziso dzenhema dzerusaruraganda uye hurudzi hwakanyanya zvakatanga kukura. Adolf Hitler nebato reNazi vakatora nekushandisa pfungwa idzi kuti vawane zvinangwa zvavo zvematongerwo enyika.
Mubhuku rake rinonzi “Mein Kampf” (My Struggle), rakanyorwa muna 1925-1926, Hitler akatsanangura maonero ake ekuvenga vaJudha uye manyepo erudzi. Hitler nebato reNazi vakawana mukurumbira mukupera kwema1920 nekutanga kwema1930, vachishandisa mafungiro erudzi uye rusaruraganda pakati pedambudziko guru rehupfumi reGreat Depression uye kushungurudzika kweHondo Yenyika I.
Muna 1933, Adolf Hitler akagadzwa kuva Chancellor weGermany. Pavakatora masimba, maNazi akabva atanga mutemo wekusarura nekutambudza maJuda, unozivikanwa se "Judenpolitik." Danho rekutanga raive rekubviswa kwevaJudha muhupenyu hweveruzhinji kuburikidza nemitemo inosarura yakaita seNuremberg Laws ya1935, iyo yakabvisa vaJudha kuva vagari vemo uye yakarambidza kuroorana pakati pevaJudha nevasiri maJuda.
Kutora Nzvimbo kweNazi uye Kuunganidzwa kweKutambudzwa
Hondo Yenyika II payakatanga muna 1939, maNazi akachinja maitiro avo ekuvenga maSemite kubva pakusarura kuenda pakuparadza vanhu. Kupinda kwePoland neGermany kwakava chinhu chakakosha pakuchinja. Germany yakabva yabatanidza Poland muReich ndokutanga kushandisa mutemo wekuti "Judenfrei," kana kuti "kusununguka kwevaJudha."
VaNazi vakavaka maghetto mumaguta ekuPoland akadai seWarsaw, Lodz, neKrakow, uko vaJudha vaimanikidzwa kugara mumamiriro ezvinhu asina hunhu. Vakatambura nenzara, zvirwere, uye mhirizhonga yakapararira. Panguva imwe chete, munzvimbo dzaitongwa neSoviet mushure meOperation Barbarossa muna 1941, Einsatzgruppen, kana kuti mapoka ekuuraya eNazi, akatanga kuurayiwa kwevaJudha, macommunist, nevamwe vanhu kuburikidza nekupfurwa kwevanhu vakawanda.
Mhinduro Yekupedzisira
Muna Ndira 1942, Musangano weWannsee wakaitwa muBerlin, uko vakuru vakuru veNazi vakakurukura nekusarudza kuti chirongwa che "Mhinduro Yekupedzisira kuMubvunzo wevaJudha" (Endlösung der Judenfrage chinoshanda sei). Uku kwaive kutaura kwechirongwa chekuparadza zvachose vaJudha vemuEurope. Kuparadza uku kwakaitwa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira kudzingwa kwevanhu vakawanda kumisasa yekuparadza vanhu nekushandisa gasi.
Makamba ekuAuschwitz-Birkenau, Treblinka, Sobibor, neBelzec ndiwo mamwe emisasa yekuurawa inozivikanwa zvikuru. Mumisasa iyi, maJuda nemamwe mapoka kubva kuEurope yese vaitakurwa nezvitima zvekutakura zvinhu, kazhinji munzvimbo dzakazara vanhu uye vasina mvura kana chikafu kwemazuva.
Pavakasvika pamusasa, vanhu vakaurayiwa vakabva vaparadzaniswa; vazhinji vakaendeswa zvakananga kumakamuri egasi kwavakaurayiwa nedutu remhepo B, rudzi rwegasi recyanide. Avo vasina kuurayiwa nekukurumidza vaiwanzomanikidzwa kushanda mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma emusasa kana kuti vaiedzwa "mushonga" zvisina hunhu hwakaitwa nevanachiremba veNazi vakaita saDr. Josef Mengele.
Kuramba Mukusafara
Pasinei nemamiriro ezvinhu anotyisa, paiva nevatambi vaipikisa panguva yeHolocaust. Mumaghetto, mapoka evapikisi akaronga kumukira nezvombo, kunyange zvazvo zviwanikwa zvavo zvaive zvishoma. Chimwe chezvipikisi zvakakurumbira chaive kumukira kweWarsaw Ghetto muna Kubvumbi 1943, umo vaJudha vakasara vekuWarsaw vakarwisa mauto eSS kweinenge mwedzi kunyangwe vaive vashoma uye vasina zvombo zvakakwana.
Kwakavawo nekumukirana mumisasa yekuurawa kwevasungwa. Muenzaniso mumwe waive kumukirana kwakaitika pamusasa wekuurawa kwevasungwa weSobibor muna Gumiguru 1943, uko vasungwa vashoma vakakwanisa kutiza mushure mekuuraya varindi veSS vakati wandei nekupisa chikamu chemusasa.
Kusunungurwa uye Migumisiro
Hondo Yenyika II payakanga yava kunopera, mauto eAllied paakapinda muGermany achibva kumabvazuva nekumadokero, misasa yevasungwa neyokuuraya yakasunungurwa mumwe nemumwe. Masoja eAmerica, Soviet, neBritain akashamiswa nehukuru nehutsinye hwemisasa iyi. Vasungwa vazhinji vakapona vairatidzika kunge vasina simba zvakanyanya nekuda kwenzara nekutambudzwa.
Kutyisa kweHolocaust kwakaita kuti nyika yose ivimbise kuti haichazombobvumiri kuti chinhu chakadaro chiitike zvakare. Kuvambwa kweSangano reUnited Nations (UN) muna 1945 uye Universal Declaration of Human Rights muna 1948 zvaive zvakaitwa neveruzhinji rwepasi rose kudzivirira kumwe kuuraya rudzi mune ramangwana.
Mushure mehondo, kutongwa kweNuremberg kwakaitwa kuti kuitwe mhosva dzehondo, mhosva dzinopesana nevanhu, uye kuurayiwa kwevanhu. Kutongwa kwacho kwakazivisa kuti Holocaust yaive mhosva yakaipa munhoroondo, asi kunyangwe zvakadaro, kururamisira kwakazara kune vakaurayiwa nevaNazi vashoma kwaiwanzova kushoma.
Simba Rinoenderera Mberi
Kuurayiwa kweHolocaust kwakasiya mavanga makuru mupfungwa dzevanhu vose. Kushungurudzika kwepfungwa kwakasangana nevapukunyuki kunoramba kuripo kwezvizvarwa nezvizvarwa, zvichiratidza kukosha kwekunzwisisa nhoroondo iyi kudzivirira kudzokorora kwayo. Zuva reKurangarirwa kweHolocaust reInternational, rinocherechedzwa musi wa27 Ndira wega wega, uye mamiziyamu eHolocaust pasi rose, akadai seYad Vashem muIsrael neUnited States Holocaust Museum muWashington, D.C., anoshanda sezviyeuchidzo zvehutsinye uhwu uye sechikonzero chekusimudzira kushivirirana, dzidzo, uye kodzero dzevanhu.
Nekunzwisisa nhoroondo yakazara yenhamo yeHolocaust, tinoyeuchidzwa nezvekukosha kwekugara takangwarira pfungwa dzakanyanyisa neruvengo zvinogona kuparadza tsika dzedu dzevanhu. Holocaust haisi chitsauko chakasviba chekare chete, asiwo chidzidzo cheramangwana, chekuvaka nyika umo kururamisira, vanhu, nerugare zvinogona kugara zvichitsigirwa.
