Hondo Yevagari VemuAmerica
Hondo yeVanhu vekuAmerica yaive imwe yezviitiko zvakakosha zvikuru munhoroondo yemazuva ano, kwete kuUnited States chete asiwo pakuvandudzwa kwepfungwa dzekubatana kwenyika, kodzero dzevanhu, uye basa rehurumende yemubatanidzwa. Kusawirirana uku kwakagara kubva muna 1861 kusvika 1865 uye kwakaisa mapoka maviri makuru: nyika dzekuChamhembe dzakaramba dzakavimbika kuUnion dzichirwisa nyika dzekuMaodzanyemba dzakaparadzana ndokuumba Confederate States of America. Kupfuura kungopesana kwemauto, hondo iyi yaive kupesana kwedzidziso, hupfumi, uye zvematongerwo enyika zvaive zvichipisa kwemakumi emakore.
Nhoroondo: Midzi Yemakakatanwa Yakareba
Zvikonzero zveHondo yeVanhu hazvina kungoerekana zvabuda. Kubva pakavambwa United States, gakava pamusoro pehurumende dzematunhu nedzenyika dzavepo, kusanganisira simba reWashington kana tichienzanisa nehurumende dzemunharaunda. Zvisinei, nyaya yakanyanya kuparadzanisa nyika yaive uranda. Kuchamhembe, maindasitiri aibudirira uye hupfumi hwaisavimba nevashandi vevaranda. Kuchamhembe, hupfumi hwekurima hwaivimba neminda yedonje, fodya, nezvimwe zvinhu zvaishandiswa zvakanyanya nevashandi vekuAfrica nevazukuru vavo.
Kuenzana kwezvematongerwo enyika pakati penyika dzaibvumidza uranda nedzakaramba kwaive chinhu chikuru chainetsa, sezvo zvaikanganisa kuumbwa kwezvigaro muCongress. Pose paitsvaga nzvimbo itsva yekutonga, nyaya yekuti "muranda kana kuti akasununguka" yakava gakava renyika. Kubvumirana kwakasiyana-siyana kwezvematongerwo enyika—kwakadai seMissouri Compromise (1820) neCompromise ya1850—kwakangononotsa kutanga kwekusawirirana. Kusawirirana kwakawedzera zvakanyanya mushure meKansas-Nebraska Act (1854), iyo yakabvumira "hutongi hwevanhu" kuona mamiriro euranda munzvimbo itsva, yakakonzera mhirizhonga inozivikanwa se "Bleeding Kansas."
Pamusoro pezvo, mutongo weDare Repamusorosoro munyaya yaDred Scott v. Sandford (1857) wakamutsa hasha kuChamhembe, sezvo wakazivisa kuti vatema havagone kuva vagari venyika uye kuti hurumende yemubatanidzwa yakanga isina simba rekurambidza uranda munzvimbo dzehurumende. Mutongo uyu wakaonekwa sekukunda kwezvematongerwo enyika kune varidzi vevaranda uye wakasimbisa kusavimbana pakati peNorth neSouth.
Chinokonzeresa: Kusarudzwa kwaAbraham Lincoln neKuparadzana
Chinhu chikuru chakaitika musarudzo yemutungamiri wenyika muna 1860, apo Abraham Lincoln weRepublican akahwina chigaro chemutungamiri wenyika. Lincoln akapikisa kuwedzera kweuranda munzvimbo itsva, kunyangwe pakutanga asina kukumbira zvakananga kuti hubviswe ipapo ipapo mumatunhu ese. Kune vazhinji vepamusoro vekuSouth, kukunda kwaLincoln kwaionekwa sekutyisidzira kwehupenyu: kana uranda hukasagona kuwedzera, simba rezvematongerwo enyika rekuSouth raizoderera zvishoma nezvishoma.
Kutanga muna Zvita 1860, matunhu ekumaodzanyemba akaparadzana rimwe nerimwe. South Carolina ndiyo yaive yekutanga, ichiteverwa neMississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, neTexas. Vakazoumba Confederacy naJefferson Davis semutungamiri wenyika. Mushure mekurwiwa kwehondo, mamwe matunhu akati wandei, anosanganisira Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, neNorth Carolina, akabatana neConfederacy.
Kuputika kweHondo: Fort Sumter
Hondo yakatanga zviri pamutemo musi wa12 Kubvumbi, 1861, apo mauto eConfederate akapfura Fort Sumter, nhare yehurumende muCharleston Harbor, South Carolina. Nhare iyi yakazopedzisira yabvuma, zvikaita kuti hurumende iite chimwe chinhu chakasimba. Lincoln akakumbira kuti mauto aunganidzwe kuti adzivirire Union. Kubva panguva iyoyo zvichienda mberi, hondo iyi, iyo pakutanga yaive dambudziko rezvematongerwo enyika, yakashanduka kuita hondo huru.
Nzira yeHondo: Mazano neHondo Huru
Hondo yeVanhu Vemuno yakarwiwa zvakanyanya uye nehunyanzvi hwemauto hwakawedzera kupfuura hondo dzekare. Njanji, telegraph, nepfuti dzakaputika zvakawedzera huwandu hwekufamba kwevanhu uye kuuraya vanhu munhandare yehondo. Kuchamhembe kwaive nemabhenefiti muindasitiri, huwandu hwevanhu, uye mafambiro ekufambisa zvinhu. Kuchamhembe kwaive nebhenefiti yekutanga yeruzivo rwemauto mune vamwe vevatungamiriri vayo uye kwairwa panyika yekwavo, nokudaro kuchijairana nenzvimbo yacho.
Imwe yenzira dzeNorth, inozivikanwa se "Anaconda Plan," yaive yekuvhara zviteshi zvekuSouthern kuti vadzivise kutengeserana kwedonje nezvombo, uye kudzora Rwizi rweMississippi kuti vagovane Confederacy. Hondo huru dzakarwiwa munzvimbo dzakawanda: Bull Run (Manassas) yakaratidza kuti hondo yaisazopera nekukurumidza; Antietam (1862) yakava rimwe remazuva ane ropa rakawanda munhoroondo yemauto eAmerica; Gettysburg (1863) inowanzoonekwa senzvimbo huru yekuchinja muEastern theatre of war, apo kupinda kwaGeneral Robert E. Lee kuNorth kwakadzoserwa shure.
KuMadokero, General Ulysses S. Grant akaita basa guru mukutora nhare nemigwagwa yerwizi, kusanganisira kukunda kukuru kuVicksburg (1863) kwakapa simba kuNorth Mississippi. Panguva iyi, "March to the Sea" yaGeneral William T. Sherman muna 1864 yakaparadza zvivakwa zvekumaodzanyemba, yakaderedza morari yevanhu, uye yakaderedza simba reConfederacy rekuenderera mberi nehondo.
Kusunungurwa uye Kuchinja Kwezvinoreva Hondo
Pakutanga, chinangwa chepamutemo cheNorth chaive chekuchengetedza Union, kwete kungobvisa uranda chete. Asi sezvo hondo yaifambira mberi, maonero etsika nezvematongerwo enyika akachinja. Musi wa1 Ndira, 1863, Lincoln akaburitsa Emancipation Proclamation, murairo wehurumende waizivisa kusunungurwa kwevaranda munzvimbo dzakasara dzevapanduki. Kunyange zvazvo usina kusunungura varanda vese mumatunhu ese, ziviso iyi yakachinja hondo kuita kurwira rusununguko uye yakarova hwaro hwehupfumi hweSouth.
Kusunungurwa kwakavhurawo nzira yekuti vanhu vatema vekuAmerica vabatane neUnion Army. Masoja matema anosvika 180.000 akashanda, zvichibatsira zvikuru mukukunda kweNorth uye zvichisimbisa kudiwa kwekodzero dzevanhu mune ramangwana.
Kuguma kweHondo: Appomattox neMhedzisiro Yayo
Pakazosvika 1865, Confederacy yakanga yava kuramba ichinetsa. Kushomeka kwezvekushandisa, kuvharirwa kwemauto, uye kukundwa kwakatevedzana kwakaderedza kuramba. Musi wa9 Kubvumbi, 1865, General Robert E. Lee akabvuma kuna General Grant kuAppomattox Court House, Virginia. Kunyange zvazvo mamwe mauto eConfederate akaramba kwenguva pfupi, chiitiko ichi chakaratidza kuguma kwehondo.
Asi njodzi yakanga isati yapera: musi wa14 Kubvumbi, 1865, Abraham Lincoln akapfurwa ndokufa zuva rakatevera. Rufu rwaLincoln rwakapesvedzera mafambiro ekuvakazve mushure mehondo uye rwakaomesa maitiro ekubatana kwenyika.
Hondo yeVanhu Vemuno yakakonzera matambudziko makuru. Uranda hwakabviswa zviri pamutemo kuburikidza ne13th Amendment (1865). Mushure mezvo, 14th ne15th Amendments yakawedzera kodzero dzehugari nedzekuvhota dzevarume vatema. Muzvematongerwo enyika, hondo iyi yakasimbisa simba rehurumende yemubatanidzwa pamusoro penyika mukuchengetedza kutendeseka kwenyika. Muhupfumi, kuchamhembe kwakafambira mberi maindasitiri, nepo kuchamhembe kwakatambura nekuputsika kwezvivakwa uye urombo hwakareba, zvichikonzera kusawirirana kwenzvimbo.
Nhaka Yenhoroondo
Hondo yeVanhu vekuAmerica yakasiya nhaka yakaoma. Kune rumwe rutivi, yakaponesa Union uye yakaparadza hurongwa hweuranda husina hunhu. Kune rumwe rutivi, nguva yeReconstruction uye zvakazotevera zvakaratidza kuti kubviswa kweuranda hakuna kubvisa rusaruraganda nekusaruramisira otomatiki. Kusarurana, rusaruraganda, uye mhirizhonga yerudzi zvakaramba zviripo kusvika muzana remakore rechi20 uye zvakashanda senzvimbo yekurwira kodzero dzevanhu.
Kusvika nhasi uno, Hondo yeVanhu ichiri nyaya inonetsa uye inokosha muhurukuro dzehunhu hweAmerica. Zviyeuchidzo zveConfederate, zviratidzo zvehondo, uye dudziro dzenhoroondo zvinowanzosimudzira gakava pamusoro pekuti ndiani anoyeukwa, chii chinopembererwa, uye kuti nyika inofanira kutarisana sei nezvakaitika kare.
Pakupedzisira, Hondo yeVanhu Vemuno haisi nyaya yehondo nemaitiro chete, asiwo nyaya yesarudzo dzetsika, hondo yemazano, uye migumisiro inogara kwenguva refu munharaunda. Kusawirirana uku kwakaumba United States yemazuva ano—nyika inoramba ichinetsekana nemibvunzo yekuenzana, rusununguko, uye zvinoreva kubatana.
