Nguva yeQing Dynasty neReform muChina
Pendauluan
Munhoroondo yese yeChina, Qing Dynasty yaive imwe yenguva dzakakosha uye dzinoshamisa. Dzinza iri harina kungoratidza kubudirira kwakawanda chete asiwo rakasangana nematambudziko akawanda nekuchinja kwakaratidza kusimba kweChina senyika inochinja-chinja uye inochinjika.
Dzinza reQing ndiro raiva dzinza rekupedzisira kutonga China, rakagara kubva muna 1644 kusvika 1912. Rakatangwa naManchus kubva kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweChina, dzinza iri rakabudirira kuwedzera nekuchengetedza umambo kwemakore anoda kusvika 300. Nhoroondo yeDzinza reQing ndeyekuwirirana kwetsika, hunyanzvi, matambudziko, uye shanduko.
Mavambo eMambo weQing
Dzinza reQing rakatangwa nevanhu veManchu, avo vakabva kuManchuria (ikozvino yava chikamu cheNortheast China). Vakakunda Dzinza reMing rakanga risisina simba. Muna 1644, mauto eManchu pasi paMambo Shunzhi akapinda muBeijing ndokutanga Dzinza reQing.
Maitiro ekukunda aya akanga asina kunaka, nekupikisa kwakabva kuMing Dynasty uye kupandukira kwakabva kumarudzi akasiyana-siyana. Zvisinei, kuburikidza nekusanganiswa kwemaitiro ehondo, zvematongerwo enyika akangwara, uye kugadzirisa tsika, Qing Dynasty yakabudirira kubatanidza China pasi pehurumende imwe chete.
Kubatanidzwa uye Kufambira Mberi Kwekutanga
Mambo weKangxi naMambo weQianlong ndivo vaviri vevatongi veQing vakakurumbira munhoroondo yeChina. Pasi pehutongi hwavo, China yakakura kuva nyika yakabudirira uye ine simba. Hupfumi hwakabudirira, nekuwedzera kwekugadzirwa kwekurima nekutengeserana, kusanganisira hukama hwakasimba hwekutengeserana nenyika dzekuEurope.
Mambo weKangxi (1654–1722), uyo akatonga kwemakore makumi matanhatu nerimwe, anoonekwa semumwe wemadzimambo makuru munhoroondo yeChina. Akabudirira kuchengetedza kugadzikana uye kuwedzera umambo. Akatsigirawo kukura kwesainzi netsika nekuchengetedza hukama hune rugare nenyanzvi uye kukoka mamishinari evaJesuit vekuEurope kudare rake.
Mambo Qianlong (1711–1799), muzukuru waKangxi, akaenderera mberi nekukudzwa kweQing Dynasty. Munguva yekutonga kwaQianlong, China yakasvika padanho repamusoro-soro rekubudirira kwayo, nesimba rayo richisvika kuTibet, Xinjiang, neMongolia. Kufanana nasekuru vake, Qianlong aive mutsigiri wehunyanzvi netsika, achisimbisa nhaka yetsika dzechiChinese dzekare.
Matambudziko Nezvipingamupinyi
Pasinei nesimba rayo rekutanga, Qing Dynasty yakatanga kusangana nematambudziko akakomba muzana remakore rechi19. Chimwe chezvikonzero zvikuru zvekudzikira uku kwaive huori hwakapararira mukati mehurumende, izvo zvakakanganisa mashandiro ehurumende. Uyezve, kukura kwevanhu nekukurumidza kwakapfuura kugona kweminda yekurima kupa chikafu chakakwana, zvichikonzera kumanikidzwa kukuru munharaunda.
Dambudziko guru raive kuwedzera kwekumanikidzwa kubva kune dzimwe nyika. Hondo dzeOpium (1839–1842 na1856–1860) dzakarwiswa neBritain nedzimwe nyika dzekuMadokero dzakamanikidza China kuvhura zviteshi zvayo kune kutengeserana kwekunze uye kusiya nzvimbo dzakadai seHong Kong. Kukundwa muhondo idzi kwakaratidza kushaya simba kwemauto eQing uye kwakakurudzira kusagutsikana kwevanhu.
Kusagutsikana uku kwakakonzera kupandukira kwakawanda, kwakakurumbira kwacho kwaiva Kupandukira kwaTaiping (1850–1864), uko kwakapotsa kwaparadza umambo hweQing. Kupandukira uku, kwakatungamirirwa naHong Xiuquan, uyo aizviti munin'ina waJesu, kwakaguma nehondo yevagari vemo yakauraya vanhu vakawanda munhoroondo, nemamiriyoni evanhu vakafa.
Zvitatu Zvitatu zvekuchinja: Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao, uye Sun Yat-sen
Zvadaro, pakupera kwezana remakore rechi19 nekutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, kwakatanga kukurudzirwa shanduko huru kuti China isaparare zvachose. Nekuda kwemamiriro ezvinhu emukati menyika uye kumanikidzwa kwekunze, vanhu vanoda shanduko vakaita saKang Youwei, Liang Qichao, naSun Yat-sen vakatanga kuita basa guru mukuchinja kuri kuitika.
Kang Youwei nemudzidzi wake Liang Qichao ndivo vaitungamira Hundred Days' Reform muna 1898, sangano rekuchinja-chinja raida kuvandudza dzidzo, mauto, uye masisitimu ehupfumi eChina. Zvinosuwisa kuti kuedza uku kwakamiswa nevaichengetedza chitendero mudare, vachitungamirirwa naMambokadzi Dowager Cixi, avo vaitya kurasikirwa nesimba ravo. Kunyangwe hazvo kwakatora nguva pfupi, shanduko idzi dzakaratidza kutanga kwekuchinja kukuru munharaunda yeChina.
Sun Yat-sen, anowanzoonekwa saBaba veRudzi rweChina, akaenderera mberi nekugadzira sangano rekuparadza Qing Dynasty nekuvaka Republic of China. Vafuridzirwa nepfungwa dzerudzi, democracy, uye kugara zvakanaka kwevanhu, Sun nevateveri vake vakazobudirira kubvisa Qing Dynasty muna 1911 muXinhai Revolution. Gore rakatevera, Sun Yat-sen akava Mutungamiriri weProvinceal weRepublic of China ichangobva kuumbwa.
Mhedzisiro uye Nhaka yeMambo weQing
Kudonha kweQing Dynasty kwakagumisa kutonga kwehumambo kwemakore anopfuura zviuru zviviri muChina, zvichigadzira nzira yenguva itsva yekutonga kweRepublican. Kugadziriswa nekuchinja panguva yekupedzisira kweQing Dynasty kwakave nemhedzisiro inogara kwenguva refu, zvichikurudzira kufamba kwekuvandudza muChina kwakaramba kuripo muzana remakore rechi20 nerechi21.
Kubatana kwenyika kwakasimudzirwa neQing Dynasty, pamwe nematambudziko akatarisana nawo pakurwisa masimba ekune dzimwe nyika, kwakasimudzira pfungwa yakasimba yerudzi iyo ichiri pachena mune zvematongerwo enyika eChina yemazuva ano. Pasinei nekusagadzikana kukuru, tsika netsika dzenguva yeQing zvichiri midzi zvakanyanya mukuzivikanwa kwerudzi rweChina.
Mhedziso
Dzinza reQing raive nguva yakaoma inosanganisira kubudirira, kurwisana kwemukati, kumanikidzwa kwekunze, uye shanduko huru. Kubva pakutanga kwayo kwakasimba kusvika pakudzikira kwayo kukuru, Dzinza reQing rinopa zvidzidzo zvakawanda mukusimba, kugadzirisa, uye kugona kuchinja mukutarisana nematambudziko. Nhaka yenguva ino inoramba ichionekwa mukukwira nekushanduka kweChina kuita imwe yenyika dzine simba uye dzine simba pasi rose nhasi.
