Nguva yeReformation muIndonesia neVanyori vayo
Nguva yeReformation muIndonesia yakatanga mushure mekupera kwehutongi hweNew Order, hwakatungamirirwa naPresident Suharto kwemakore anopfuura makumi matatu. Nguva iyi yakavakirwa pamweya wekuchinja kwezvematongerwo enyika, zvehupfumi, uye zvemagariro evanhu, zvichikurudzira kujeka, democracy, uye kururamisira munharaunda. Chinyorwa chino chichakurukura nezvekufambira mberi kweNguva yeReformation muIndonesia uye vanhu vakakosha vakaita basa iri.
Nhoroondo yeNguva yeReformation
Indonesia yakapinda muNguva yeReformation muna 1998, pakati pedambudziko guru rezvehupfumi, kuda kwehutongi hwegutsaruzhinji, uye hasha dzeveruzhinji dzichikwira vachipesana nehurumende yehudzvanyiriri. Dambudziko rezvehupfumi, iro rakatanga muna 1997, rakakonzera kukwira kwemitengo, kushaikwa kwemabasa kwakawanda, uye kusagutsikana kukuru kwevanhu. Mamiriro aya akawedzerwa nehuori hwakapararira, kubatana, uye rusaruro (KKN) pasi peNew Order.
Muna Chivabvu 1998, kuratidzira kwakaitwa nevadzidzi nemapoka akasiyana-siyana enzanga kwakasvika padanho repamusoro. Kumanikidzwa kwakasimba kwevanhu kwakaguma kwaita kuti Suharto abve pachigaro chemutungamiri wenyika musi wa21 Chivabvu 1998. Kusiya basa uku kwakaratidza kutanga kweNguva yeReformation muIndonesia. Mutevedzeri weMutungamiriri wenyika BJ Habibie akabva agadzwa kuva Mutungamiriri uye akatanga shanduko dzakawanda.
Vanhu Vakakosha Venguva yeReformation
1. BJ Habibie
Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie aive nyanzvi yehunyanzvi uye aitsigira Suharto uyo akangoerekana atarisana nebasa rakaoma rekutungamira nyika panguva yematambudziko ehupfumi nemagariro evanhu. Habibie akakurumidzisa rusununguko rwezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi. Munguva pfupi yaakatonga kubva muna 1998 kusvika 1999, Habibie akabvisa mitemo yenhau inodzvinyirira, akasunungura vasungwa vezvematongerwo enyika, uye akaisa sarudzo dzakavhurika uye dzedemocracy. Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvaakabudirira kuita kwaive kuitwa kwereferendamu yeEast Timor iyo yakatungamira kurusununguko rwenharaunda kubva kuIndonesia.
2. Abdurrahman Wahid (Gus Dur)
Semunhu akakurumbira weNU (Nahdlatul Ulama) uye mutsigiri wepfungwa dzemarudzi akawanda, Abdurrahman Wahid, anozivikanwawo saGus Dur, akava purezidhendi musi wa20 Gumiguru 1999, mushure mesarudzo huru ya1999. Gus Dur akagara pachigaro nekuedza kubvisa mitemo yakasiyana-siyana yehudzvanyiriri yeNew Order, kusimbisa democracy, uye kutsigira kodzero dzevanhu. Kunyangwe hutongi hwake hwakanga hwakazara nekusawirirana kwezvematongerwo enyika uye hutungamiriri husina kurongeka, Gus Dur akaedza kutsigira kushivirirana kwechitendero, rusununguko rwevatori venhau, uye kodzero dzevashoma.
3. Megawati Soekarnoputri
Mwanasikana wemutungamiri wekutanga weIndonesia, Sukarno, Megawati akava mutungamiri wenyika musi wa23 Chikunguru 2001, mushure mekubviswa kwaGus Dur pachigaro. Hutungamiriri hwaMegawati hwakaonekwa senguva yekuchinja yakagadzikana mushure mekusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika kwehutungamiriri hwaGus Dur. Akabudirira kuchengetedza kugadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi uye akaenderera mberi nekuchinja kwakakosha kwakatangwa nemutongi wake.
4. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY)
Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono ndiye aive mutungamiri wekutanga kusarudzwa zvakananga nevanhu musarudzo dza2004. SBY akashanda semutungamiri wenyika kubva muna 2004 kusvika 2014. Munguva yake yehutungamiriri, hupfumi hweIndonesia hwakakura zvishoma nezvishoma uye shanduko dzakasiyana-siyana dzemasangano dzakaitwa. SBY aizivikanwa nekushanda kwake nesimba mukukurukurirana kwenyika dzakawanda uye kuedza kwake kuchengetedza kugadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika munyika. Zvisinei, matambudziko ehuori nekusarongeka kwehupfumi akaramba ari matambudziko makuru munguva yake yese yehutongi.
5. Joko Widodo (Jokowi)
Joko Widodo, anozivikanwa saJokowi, akakunda musarudzo yemutungamiri wenyika muna 2014 uye akasarudzwazve muna 2019. Semunhu aimbova meya weSolo uye gavhuna weJakarta, Jokowi anozivikanwa nehutungamiriri hwake hwakatarisana nevanhu uye anonyanya kutarisisa kuvandudzwa kwezvivakwa. Jokowi akaita mabasa makuru ekukurumidzisa kuvandudzwa kwezvivakwa kuti avandudze kubatana kwenyika uye kukwikwidzana kwehupfumi. Zvisinei, hurumende yake inotarisanawo nematambudziko ekugadzirisa nyaya dzekodzero dzevanhu nedzedemocracy.
Mhedzisiro uye Shanduko Huru Munguva yeKuchinja
1. Kubudirana pachena mune zvematongerwo enyika
Nguva yeReformation yakaunza shanduko huru mukuvhurika kwezvematongerwo enyika. Rusununguko rwevatori venhau, rwaimbove rwakadziviswa zvakanyanya, rwakapihwa mukana wakawanda wekufema. Vatori venhau vakawana mikana yakakura yekutsoropodza hurumende nekutaura zvido zvevanhu. Masangano akasiyana-siyana asiri ehurumende (NGOs) akabudawo uye akaita basa guru mukutarisa nekutsigira nyaya dzakasiyana-siyana dzezvemagariro evanhu, hupfumi, uye zvematongerwo enyika.
2. Sarudzo dzeDemocratic
Sarudzo dzakasununguka uye dzakarurama dzave chiratidzo cheNguva yeReform. Sarudzo dza1999, dzakaitwa pasi pehutongi hwaHabibie, dzaive sarudzo dzekutanga dzemapato akawanda mumakore anopfuura makumi matatu. Uyezve, kuunzwa kwesarudzo dzemutungamiri wenyika zvakananga muna 2004 kwakaratidza nhanho huru muhutongi hweIndonesia. Kuburikidza nesarudzo dzakawanda dzehutongi hwedemocracy, maIndonesia akava nemikana yakawanda yekusarudza vatungamiriri vavo uye kutora chikamu mune zvematongerwo enyika.
3. Kugadziriswa kweMutemo neMasangano
Kugadziriswa kwemitemo nemasangano kwaivewo chinhu chikuru chainyanya kukosheswa munguva yeReform. Kugadzwa kweKomisheni Yekubvisa Huori (KPK) muna 2002 kwaive danho guru mukurwisa huori. Uyezve, kugadziriswa kwehurongwa hwematare edzimhosva nekuvandudzwa kwehutongi kwakateverwa kuti pave nekujeka uye kuzvidavirira.
4. Kupa Simba Munyika Nekuzvitonga Kwematunhu
Nguva yeReformation yakaratidzawo kutanga kwekupa masimba ekutonga kwematunhu uye kuzvitonga kwematunhu. Mutemo weRegional Autonomy wa1999 wakapa hurumende dzematunhu simba guru mukutarisira zviwanikwa nekuita sarudzo. Izvi zvainangana nekuunza mabasa eruzhinji pedyo nevanhu uye kuwedzera kushanda zvakanaka uye kupindura kwehurumende dzematunhu.
Matambudziko neTariro Munguva Ino
Kunyangwe paine kufambira mberi kukuru, Indonesia ichiri kutarisana nematambudziko akawanda mukuzadzisa zvinangwa zvayo zvekugadzirisa. Huori huchiri nyaya yakakomba inokanganisa mativi akasiyana-siyana ehupenyu hwenyika. Uyezve, kusaenzana kwehupfumi, kusawirirana munharaunda, uye kusashivirirana zvichiri zvipingamupinyi mukuwana kururamisira munharaunda uye kugadzikana kwedemocracy.
Zvisinei, tariro ichiripo. Kufamba kwakasimba kwevanhuwo zvavo, nhau dzakasununguka, uye kubatanidzwa kwevanhuwo zvavo kwakakosha pakufambira mberi kweIndonesia mune ramangwana. Rutsigiro kubva kumapato akasiyana-siyana, hurumende nemasangano evanhuwo zvavo, rwakakosha kuti tirambe tichikurudzira shanduko dzakasimba uye dzinogara kwenguva refu.
Mhedziso
Nguva yeReformation muIndonesia yaive nguva yekuchinja kukuru uye kwakasimba. Kubva pakuderera kwehupfumi uye kusagutsikana munharaunda, nyika yakabuda nemweya wekuvaka hurongwa hwedemocracy, pachena, uye hwakarurama. Vanhu vakaita saBJ Habibie, Gus Dur, Megawati Soekarnoputri, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, naJoko Widodo vakaita basa rakakosha mukutungamira shanduko iyi. Pasinei nematambudziko akawanda achiri kutarisana nawo, tariro yeramangwana riri nani inoramba iri hwaro hwakasimba hwerwendo rwenyika yeIndonesia.
