Utongi hweDutch muIndonesia uye Zvakaitika Kwahwo
Pendauluan
Kutonga kwevagari vemo kwechimwe chezvikamu zvakakosha munhoroondo yepasi rose, uye Indonesia haina kusiyana neizvi. Mumamiriro ezvinhu eIndonesia, kutonga kwevagari vemo kwevagari vemo kwemazana emakore uye kwakakanganisa zvikuru budiriro yemagariro evanhu, tsika, zvematongerwo enyika, uye hupfumi hwenyika. Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora nhoroondo yekutonga kwevagari vemo kwevagari vemo kwevagari vemo kwevagari vemo muIndonesia, kukanganisa kwavakaita munharaunda, uye nhaka ichiri kunzwiwa nanhasi.
Nhoroondo yeUkoloni hweDutch muIndonesia
Kutanga Kwekusvika kweDutch
VaDutch vakatanga kusvika muIndonesia pakupera kwezana remakore rechi16, vachitanga vachitsvaga zvinonhuhwirira. Rwendo rwekutanga, rwakatungamirirwa naCornelis de Houtman, rwakasvika kuBanten, nzvimbo yekutengesa paJava muna 1596. Rwendo urwu rwakagadzira nzira yekusvika kwengarava dzakawanda dzekutengeserana dzeDutch.
VOC (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie)
Muna 1602, VOC (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie), kana kuti Dutch East India Company, yakavambwa. Hurumende yeDutch yakapa kodzero dzeVOC dzekutengeserana nekuongorora nzvimbo dziri muAsia, kusanganisira Indonesia. Imwe yenzira dzeVOC dzekutonga kutengeserana kwaive kuvaka nzvimbo dzekutengeserana nenhare munzvimbo dzakakosha dzakadai seBatavia (ikozvino Jakarta), Maluku, neSumatra.
Kubatanidzwa kweSimba
VOC yakawedzera kusimbisa simba rayo kuburikidza nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira diplomacy, zvibvumirano, uye simba remauto. Muzana remakore rechi17 nerechi18, matunhu akakosha muIndonesia akatanga kuwira pasi pesimba reVOC. Zvisinei, VOC yakasangana nedambudziko remari uye pakupedzisira yakaparadzwa muna 1799. Zvinhu zvese zveVOC nezvikwereti zvakazotorwa nehurumende yeDutch, iyo yakaramba ichitonga muIndonesia.
Dutch East Indies
Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi19, Britain yakadzora kwenguva pfupi nzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana dzakadai seJava neSumatra, asi mushure meHondo dzaNapoleon, nzvimbo idzi dzakadzoserwa kuNetherlands pasi peLondon Convention ya1814. Nguva yeDutch East Indies (nguva iyo nzvimbo dzeIndonesia dzaive pasi pehutongi hweUmambo hweNetherlands zviri pamutemo) yakatanga. Mitemo yakasiyana-siyana yakaitwa kutonga nekushandisa zviwanikwa zvechisikigo zveIndonesia, kusanganisira hurongwa hwekumanikidza kurima kana kuti cultuurstelsel hwakatanga kushandiswa kubva muna 1830 kusvika 1870.
Mhedzisiro yeUkoloni hweDutch
upfumi
1. Kushandiswa kwezvinwiwa zvisina tsarukano: VaDutch ndivo vakatonga kutengeserana kwezvinonhuwira nezvimwe zvigadzirwa zvekurima, izvo zvakaita kuti pave nehurongwa hwehupfumi hwenyika mbiri. Zviwanikwa zveIndonesia zvakashandiswa zvakanyanya kufadza vaDutch. Hurongwa hwekumanikidzwa kurima hwakamanikidza varimi kurima zvinhu zvakaita sekofi, shuga, uye indigo kuti zvitengeswe kuEurope.
2. Kuchinja kweMamiriro ekurima: Maitiro ekurima echinyakare akachinja zvikuru. Nyika dzevanhu dzaiwanzotorwa dzoshandurwa kuita minda mikuru yaidzorwa nevakoloni kana vemabhizimisi vekune dzimwe nyika. Izvi zvakaita kuti pave nekusawirirana mune zveupfumi uye zvakaita kuti varimi vemunzvimbo iyi vave varombo.
3. Zvivakwa zvekuvaka: MaDutch akavaka zvivakwa zvakaita semigwagwa, mabhiriji, nezviteshi zvezvitima kuti zvive nyore kuunza zvigadzirwa zvekurima kumachiteshi makuru. Kunyange zvazvo zvivakwa izvi zvakabatsira kushandiswa kwevanhu vaigara muhutongi, zvakaisawo hwaro hwebudiriro yehupfumi hweIndonesia mushure merusununguko.
Zvemagariro netsika
1. Dzidzo: Zvikoro zvakavambwa kuti zvizadzise zvinodiwa nehurumende yekoloni nezvehutungamiriri. Kunyangwe dzidzo yaingoitirwa vanhu verudzi rwechivanhu, vamwe vanhu verudzi rwechivanhu vakatanga kuwana dzidzo yekumadokero uye vakava vakangwara uye vanhu vanoda zvenyika avo vakazotungamira sangano rerusununguko.
2. Kusarongeka Kwemagariro: Kupatsanurwa kwevanhu kwakasimudzirwawo nekuvapo kwemapoka evanhu akasiyana-siyana kubva mumarudzi akasiyana. VaEurope nevekuMabvazuva vekune dzimwe nyika (vaChina, maArabhu) vaiva nechinzvimbo chepamusoro kupfuura vanhu veko. Izvi zvakaita kuti vanhu vaparadzane uye vasaruramisirwe.
3. Simba retsika: Kutonga kwevagari vemo kwakaunzawo simba retsika dzekuMadokero kuIndonesia. ChiDutch chaishandiswa mukutonga nedzidzo, uye hunyanzvi netsika dzakasiyana-siyana dzechiDutch zvakaunzwa.
zvematongerwo enyika
1. Kutorwa Kwenyika Nekuramba: Mafambiro akasiyana-siyana ekuramba akakurumbira akaitika munguva iyi, akadai seHondo yeDiponegoro (1825-1830), Hondo yeAceh (1873-1904), nedzimwe. Kunyangwe mafambiro aya ekuramba aiwanzo rambidzwa neDutch zvinobudirira, akaratidza mweya wekuwedzera werudzi.
2. Kuumbwa kweHurudzi: Ruzivo rwehukoloni nekudzvinyirirwa rwakasimudzira pfungwa yerudzi uye zvishuwo zvekuzvitonga. Masangano ehurudzi akadai saBudi Utomo (1908), Sarekat Islam (1911), uye Indonesian National Party (1927) akatanga kubuda. Vanhu vakaita saSukarno, Mohammad Hatta, naSutan Sjahrir vakaunganidza rutsigiro kuti varwe nehukoloni uye varwere kuzvitonga.
Nhaka yeUkoloni
Mutemo neKutungamira
MaDutch akasiya hurongwa hwemitemo nehutungamiri hwakadzika midzi. Zvinhu zvakawanda zvehurongwa hwemitemo huripo muIndonesia zvakavakirwa pamutemo wekoloni yeDutch, wakadai seCriminal Code (KUHP). Hurongwa hwehurumende yedunhu hunoteverawo hurongwa hwakatangwa nenguva yekoloni yeDutch.
Zvivakwa
Zvivakwa zvakavakwa munguva yehutongi hwevagari, kubva kumigwagwa mikuru, njanji, zviteshi zvengarava, kusvika kumasisitimu ekudiridza ekurima, zvichiri kushandiswa uye zvinopa mabhenefiti mukukura kweIndonesia yemazuva ano.
Dzidzo neMutauro
Sisitimu yedzidzo yeDutch yakaunza dzidzo yepamutemo munharaunda yeIndonesia. Kunyangwe pakutanga yaive shoma, sisitimu iyi yakava hwaro hwekuvandudzwa kwedzidzo muIndonesia. Mutauro weDutch waivewo nesimba guru, nemashoko mazhinji mumutemo weIndonesia, tekinoroji, nesainzi achibva kuDutch.
Mhedziso
Kutonga kweDutch muIndonesia kwakabatsira zvikuru, zvichinzwika kusvika nhasi. Kubva pamaonero ehupfumi, magariro evanhu, tsika, uye zvematongerwo enyika, nhaka iyi yekoloni yakaumba mararamiro akawanda eIndonesia. Pasinei nemigumisiro yayo yakaipa yakawanda, yakadai sekusarongeka kwevanhu uye kushandiswa zvisina kunaka, ruzivo rwekoloni rwakasimudzirawo mweya werudzi uye rwakashanda sechikonzeri chekurwira rusununguko. Serudzi rwakatsungirira nguva yakareba yekutonga kwekoloni, kufungisisa nezvezvakapfuura idanho rakakosha mukunzwisisa nekushandisa nhoroondo sechidzidzo chinokosha chekuvaka ramangwana riri nani.
