Umlando Wempucuko Yama-Inca kanye Nefa Layo
Impucuko yama-Inca yayingenye yempucuko enkulu nenethonya kakhulu eMelika ngaphambi kokufika kwabaseYurophu. Lo mbuso wachuma ezintabeni zase-Andes, ikakhulukazi endaweni manje ebizwa ngokuthi iPeru, i-Ecuador, iBolivia, iChile, kanye nezingxenye ze-Argentina neColombia. Njengoba inhloko-dolobha yayo iseCusco, i-Inca yasungula uhlelo lwezepolitiki oluhlelekile, inethiwekhi enkulu yemigwaqo, ubuchwepheshe bezolimo obuthuthukisiwe, kanye nefa lokwakha elisamangaza umhlaba namuhla. Ukuze siqonde ubukhulu be-Inca, sidinga ukulandelela imvelaphi yayo, isikhathi sayo sokuchuma, izinhlelo zayo zenhlalo nezomnotho, izimbangela zayo zokuwohloka, kanye nefa layo elisindile.
Imvelaphi Nokuvela Kombuso Wama-Inca
Ngokwesiko lomlomo kanye nezinganekwane zase-Andean, ama-Inca avela enganekwaneni kaManco Cápac noMama Ocllo, okukholakala ukuthi bavela eLake Titicaca ukuzosungula iCusco. Nakuba le ndaba iyinganekwane, ikhombisa ukubaluleka kobunjalo benkolo nobungokomfanekiso ekwakhiweni kwamandla ama-Inca. Ngokomlando, ama-Inca aqala njengeqembu elincane elizungeze isigodi saseCusco ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-13. Ezinsukwini zawo zokuqala, awazange abe amandla amakhulu ngokushesha, kodwa kunalokho ancintisana namanye amaqembu esifundeni sase-Andean.
Ushintsho olukhulu lwenzeka lapho ababusi bama-Inca beqala ukusebenzisa amasu ezempi kanye nawezombusazwe. Ngekhulu le-15, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kobuholi bukaPachacuti Inca Yupanqui (owabusa cishe ngo-1438-1471), ama-Inca athola ukwanda okukhulu. UPachacuti waziwa njengomguquli owakha isakhiwo sesifundazwe esiqinile, wandisa indawo, futhi waqala amaphrojekthi amakhulu okwakha. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, umbuso wakhula waba umbuso omkhulu obizwa ngokuthi iTawantinsuyu, okusho ukuthi “izifunda ezine ezihlangene.”
Isakhiwo Sezepolitiki Nokuphatha
Esinye sezici eziyinhloko empumelelweni yama-Inca kwakuyisimiso sokuphatha esihlanganisiwe kodwa esisebenzayo. Umbuso wawuhlukaniswe izifunda ezine eziyinhloko: iChinchaysuyu (enyakatho), i-Antisuyu (empumalanga), iCollasuyu (eningizimu), kanye neCuntisuyu (entshonalanga). Lezi zifunda ezine zazigxile eCusco, "inkaba yomhlaba" ngokwemigomo yama-Inca. Inhloko yombuso yayibizwa ngokuthi iSapa Inca, umbusi ophakeme owayebhekwa njengonokuxhumana kwaphezulu, ikakhulukazi nonkulunkulu welanga u-Inti.
Ukuze baphathe izindawo zabo ezinkulu nezihlukahlukene, ama-Inca asebenzisa uhlelo oluqinile lwezikhulu kanye nohlelo oluqinile lokuqapha. Babethembele ekugcinweni kwamarekhodi besebenzisa i-quipu, intambo eboshwe ngefindo eyayisebenza njengedivayisi yokugcina idatha. Nakuba ama-Inca ayengenalo uhlelo lokubhala ngezinhlamvu, i-quipu yayibavumela ukubala intela, inani labantu ababhala phansi amarekhodi, isivuno sesivuno, kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwezisebenzi.
Ezomnotho, Ezolimo, kanye Nezinhlelo Zabasebenzi
Umnotho wama-Inca wawusekelwe kwezolimo ezivumelaniswe nendawo ephakeme nehlukahlukene yama-Andes. Bakha amasimu ezolimo ukuze bavimbele ukuguguleka komhlabathi futhi bandise indawo yezitshalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-Inca athuthukisa uhlelo lokunisela olwaluhambisa amanzi asuka ezintabeni aye emasimini. Izitshalo zawo eziyinhloko zazihlanganisa ummbila, amazambane, i-quinoa, nobhontshisi. Amazambane aze aba yimpahla ebalulekile, futhi abantu base-Andean bathuthukisa amasu okulondoloza njenge-chuño (amazambane omisiwe ngokuqandisa) avumela ukugcinwa isikhathi eside.
Esinye isici esiphawulekayo somnotho wama-Inca kwakuyisimiso se-mita, esasidinga izakhamuzi ukuba zisebenzele inzuzo kahulumeni. Izisebenzi zaseMita zazisetshenziselwa ukwakha imigwaqo, amabhuloho, nezinqaba, kanye nokulima umhlaba wezolimo ophethwe nguhulumeni. Izisebenzi zaseMita zazingewona nje umsebenzi ophoqelelwe, njengoba ezimweni eziningi umbuso wawuhlinzeka ngezidingo eziyisisekelo njengokudla nokuvikelwa kwabasebenzi. Kodwa-ke, lolu hlelo lwaluphinde lwaba ithuluzi lokulawula ezombusazwe nakwezenhlalo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezisanda kunqotshwa.
Impilo Yomphakathi Nezinkolelo
Umphakathi wama-Inca wawunesakhiwo senhlalo esihlelekile. Phezulu kwakumi ama-Inca aseSapa kanye nezikhulu. Ngaphansi kwawo kwakukhona izikhulu, abaholi bendawo, nabapristi. Iningi labantu lalingabalimi nezisebenzi, ezihlelwe zaba ama-ayllu, imiphakathi yemindeni eyandisiwe eyayisebenza njengesisekelo senhlangano yomphakathi. Ama-ayllu ayenomthwalo wemfanelo wokuphatha umhlaba womphakathi, ukusekela amasiko, kanye nokufeza izibopho zabasebenzi kuhulumeni.
Ngokuphathelene nenkolelo, ama-Inca ayenamathela ekukholweni konkulunkulu abaningi, u-Inti (ilanga) njengonkulunkulu wawo oyinhloko. Ayekhulekela noViracocha njengomdali, uPachamama njengonkulunkulukazi womhlaba, kanye nemimoya ehlukahlukene yemvelo. Amasiko enkolo ayehlanganisa imikhosi, iminikelo, kanye nemikhosi evame ukuhambisana nemijikelezo yezolimo. Inkolo yayingeyona nje indaba engokomoya kodwa futhi yayiyithuluzi lokufaneleka kwezepolitiki, njengoba ama-Sapa Inca ayebhekwa "njengabantwana belanga."
Ifa Lezakhiwo Nezingqalasizinda
Ifa elidumile kakhulu lama-Inca umsebenzi wawo wamatshe oqondile ngendlela emangalisayo. Babekwazi ukuhlanganisa amatshe amakhulu ngaphandle kodaka, besebenzisa indlela eyayiqinisekisa ukuthi izakhiwo zabo azikwazi ukumelana nokuzamazama komhlaba. Isibonelo salolu khono sibonakala eSacsayhuamán, inqaba enhle eduze kwaseCusco, eyakhiwe ngamatshe amakhulu, anesimo esingajwayelekile, axhumene.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, iMachu Picchu iyisithonjana esidumile emhlabeni wonke sefa lama-Inca. Le ndawo iphezu kwezintaba futhi kucatshangwa ukuthi yayisebenza njengesikhungo sasebukhosini noma isikhungo senkolo. IMachu Picchu ibonisa inhlanganisela evumelanayo yezakhiwo nemvelo: amathala ezolimo, amathempeli, izindawo zokuhlala, kanye nohlelo lwamanzi oluyinkimbinkimbi.
Ama-Inca akha nenethiwekhi yemigwaqo ebizwa ngokuthi i-Qhapaq Ñan, enwebeka ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha angu-30.000 ezintabeni, ezigodini nasezinkangala. Le migwaqo yayinamabhuloho alengayo enziwe ngemicu yezitshalo, izindawo zokuphumula (tambo), kanye nohlelo lokuthumela izincwadi ngokushesha (chasqui). Le nethiwekhi yavumela ulwazi nezimpahla ukuthi zihambe ngokushesha kulo lonke umbuso.
Ukuwa koMbuso Wama-Inca
Naphezu kwamandla awo, uMbuso wama-Inca wawa ngokushesha ngemva kokufika kwamaSpanishi ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16. Ngesikhathi uFrancisco Pizarro efika ngo-1532, ama-Inca ayesempini yombango phakathi kwabafowabo ababili: u-Atahualpa noHuáscar. Le ngxabano yangaphakathi yalimaza ukuzinza kwezombusazwe. UPizarro wasebenzisa lesi simo futhi wathumba i-Atahualpa eCajamarca, naphezu kwamandla akhe amaningi kakhulu.
Ngaphezu kwezingxabano zangaphakathi, izifo ezilethwe yiYurophu njenge-smallpox nazo zadlala indima ebalulekile ekwenzeni buthaka inani labantu base-Andean, ngisho nangaphambi kokunqotshwa ngokuphelele. Ngemva kokuthunjwa nokubulawa kwe-Atahualpa, abaseSpain kancane kancane bathatha ukulawula iCusco nezinye izikhungo zamandla. Nakuba ukumelana kwama-Inca kwaqhubeka kusukela eVilcabamba kwaze kwaba ngu-1572, umbuso wagcina uwile.
Ifa Lama-Inca Nethonya Lanamuhla
Naphezu kokuwa kombuso, ifa lama-Inca liyaqhubeka. IsiQuechua, esasilulimi lokuphathwa kwama-Inca, sisakhulunywa izigidi zabantu e-Andes nanamuhla. Amasu okulima asebenzisa amasimu asasetshenziswa futhi asebenza njengogqozi lwezolimo oluqhubekayo ezindaweni zezintaba. Ngokwesiko, amasiko endabuko okuhlonipha iPachamama noma imikhosi ehlobene nelanga efana ne-Inti Raymi asagujwa, ikakhulukazi ePeru.
Izinsalela ezibonakalayo ezifana neMachu Picchu, iCusco, kanye neQhapaq Ñan azizona nje izinto zocwaningo lomlando kodwa futhi ziyimithombo yobunikazi bendawo kanye nokuziqhenya. Lezi zindawo ziheha izivakashi ezivela emhlabeni wonke, zisikhumbuza ukuthi imiphakathi emikhulu ingachuma ngaphandle kobuchwepheshe besimanje, kodwa ngenhlangano eqinile yomphakathi, ubuhlakani obuphezulu, kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezindaweni zazo.
I-Penutup
Umlando wempucuko yama-Inca ubonisa ukuthi abantu base-Andean babekwazi ukwakha umbuso omkhulu ngokuphatha okuphumelelayo, ezolimo eziyinkimbinkimbi, kanye nezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu. Bakha uhlelo oluhlelekile, baxhumanisa izindawo ezinkulu nenethiwekhi yemigwaqo, futhi bashiya ifa elisekhona nanamuhla. Nakuba lawa yinhlanganisela yezingxabano zangaphakathi kanye nokunqotshwa kweSpain, ifa lama-Inca lihlala likhona olimini, emasikweni, emasikweni ezolimo, kanye nezindawo zomlando ezakha enye yengcebo yomhlaba yempucuko. Ngokutadisha ama-Inca, asiqondi nje kuphela isikhathi esidlule saseNingizimu Melika kodwa futhi sifunda nezifundo mayelana nokuqina, ukusungula izinto ezintsha, kanye nobudlelwano bomuntu nemvelo.
