Ukunqotshwa kwama-Aztec ngamaSpain
Ukunqotshwa koMbuso Wama-Aztec yiSpain kwaba esinye sezenzakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika. Esikhathini esifushane kakhulu—cishe eminyakeni emibili ngemva kokufika kukaHernán Cortés enhliziyweni yamandla ama-Aztec—umbuso omkhulu, onenhloko-dolobha yawo enhle iTenochtitlan, wawa futhi wathathelwa indawo yi-oda lamakoloni aseSpain. Kodwa lesi senzakalo sasingaphezu nje kwendaba yeqembu labahloli bamazwe baseYurophu benqoba abantu bomdabu. Kwakuwuchungechunge lwezingxabano zezombusazwe, izivumelwano, ukukhashelwa, impi yengqondo, ukungalingani kwezobuchwepheshe, kanye nezinhlekelele eziwubhubhane ezashintsha kabusha isimo samandla.
Ingemuva: Ama-Aztec kanye nezwe laseMesoamerica
Ngaphambi kokufika kwamaSpanishi, ama-Aztec (noma iMexico) ayephethe inethiwekhi enkulu yamandla kulo lonke elaseMesoamerica. Lo mbuso wawungewona umbuso wanamuhla ohlangene, kodwa wawuwuhlelo lokubusa kwezepolitiki nezomnotho olusekelwe kumfelandawonye weTriumvirate: iTenochtitlan, iTexcoco, neTlacopan. Ngaphansi kwalolu hlelo, amadolobha amaningi anqotshiwe kwakudingeka akhokhe intela ngendlela yokudla, izindwangu, izinto zokusetshenziswa, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho neziboshwa zempi. Lesi sibopho sentela sadala ukuchuma enkabeni yamandla, kodwa futhi sadala ukungezwani kanye nenzondo phakathi kwemiphakathi eyayizizwa ixhashazwa.
I-Tenochtitlan ngokwayo, eyayimi eziqhingini zaseLake Texcoco, yayiyidolobha elinabantu abaningi elinemisele, amabhuloho, izimakethe ezinkulu, kanye nezakhiwo ezinkulu zamathempeli. Abafakazi bokuzibonela baseSpain kamuva bachaza leli dolobha njengelihle kakhulu—elifana nemizi yaseYurophu—nakuba baphinde baqokomisa umkhuba wokwenza imihlatshelo yabantu ngokwesiko, ababewubheka njengesizathu sokuziphatha “sokuyeka unya” nokuthethelela ukunqoba.
Ukufika kukaCortés kanye nesu lokuqala
Ngo-1519, uHernán Cortés wafika ogwini lweGulf of Mexico. Uhambo lwakhe lwasuka eCuba, futhi kusukela ekuqaleni, uCortés wabonisa izifiso ezinkulu zezombusazwe. Wayefuna okungaphezu nje kokuhweba noma ukuhlola; wayefuna amandla nengcebo. Esinye sezinyathelo zikaCortés ezinesibindi kwakuwukumisa noma yiliphi ithuba lokuhoxa ngokucwila noma ukubhubhisa eminye yemikhumbi yakhe, ephoqa amadoda akhe ukuba azibophezele kulo msebenzi.
UCortés wayeqonda nokuthi wayengenakukwazi ukunqoba indawo enkulu njengeMesoamerica ngamandla aseSpain kuphela. Ngakho-ke, wafuna ubudlelwano namaqembu endawo. Kule nqubo, ukuba khona kwabahumushi kwakubalulekile. UMalintzin (ovame ukubizwa ngokuthi uLa Malinche), owesifazane ongumNahua owayekhuluma izilimi eziningana kahle, wadlala indima ebalulekile njengomhumushi kanye nomxhumanisi wezombusazwe. NgoMalintzin, uCortés wakwazi ukuxoxisana, ukuhlola izimo zezombusazwe, kanye nokusebenzisa kabi ubutha phakathi kwamadolobha.
Ukubambisana Nezitha Zase-Aztec
Isihluthulelo sokunqoba kwakuyizivumelwano. Imiphakathi eminingi eyayicindezelwe yi-Aztec yabona ukufika kwamaSpanishi njengethuba lokuzamazamisa ukubusa kukaTenochtitlan. Omunye wabangane ababaluleke kakhulu bakaCortés kwakunguTlaxcala, inhlangano eyayiyisitha sama-Aztec iminyaka eminingi. Ngemva kokulwa kokuqala, uTlaxcala wavuma ukusiza amaSpanishi. Banikeza izinkulungwane zamasosha, ezokuthutha, nolwazi lwendawo—iminikelo eyayidlula kakhulu amakhulu amabutho aseSpain.
Ngakho-ke, ibutho likaCortés empeleni laliyimbumbano yezinhlanga eziningi: ingqikithi encane yamaqhawe aseSpain anezikhali zensimbi, amahhashi nezibhamu, esekelwa ukuthutheleka okukhulu kwabalingani bomdabu abanezisusa zabo. Izindaba zokunqoba ezigxila kuphela endimeni yaseSpain azinaki iqiniso lokuthi le mpi yayiphinde ibe yingxabano yezepolitiki yangaphakathi yaseMesoamerica.
Ukungena eTenochtitlan kanye Nenkinga Yobuholi
Ngasekupheleni kuka-1519, uCortés nebutho lakhe bangena eTenochtitlan. UMbusi uMoctezuma II wabamukela, isenzo esihunyushwa ngezindlela ezahlukene yizazi-mlando njengobuqili bezombusazwe bokulawula usongo, njengesenzo somkhuba, noma njengesu lokulinda nokubona. Ngokuvamile kuthiwa uMoctezuma wayecabanga ukuthi uCortés ungunkulunkulu, kodwa lo mbono manje uphikiswana kabanzi; kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi izikhulu zama-Aztec zazibheka amaSpanish njengezidalwa eziyingozi okwakudingeka ziphathwe ngazo ngokubala kwezepolitiki.
Isimo saba sibi ngokushesha. UCortés wabamba uMoctezuma njengesiboshwa esigodlweni sakhe, ezama ukulawula idolobha ngezimpawu zegunya eliphakeme. Ukungezwani kwanda lapho izikhulu zase-Aztec zibulawa ngesikhathi somkhosi wenkolo (isenzakalo esivame ukubizwa ngokuthi uPedro de Alvarado ngesikhathi uCortés engekho okwesikhashana). I-Tenochtitlan yaqala ukuvukela umbuso.
Ekugcineni uMoctezuma washona—imbangela eqondile nayo iyaphikiswana—futhi amandla adluliselwa kubaholi abalandelanayo, okuhlanganisa uCuitláhuac kanye noCuauhtémoc. Le nkinga yobuholi yenzeka phakathi kwezimpi zasemadolobheni ezinonya kakhulu.
I-La Noche Triste kanye ne-Return of Cortés
Ngo-1520, abaseSpain baphoqeleka ukubaleka eTenochtitlan kulokho okwaziwa ngokuthi iLa Noche Triste (Ubusuku Bosizi). Ngesikhathi sokubaleka, amasosha amaningi aseSpain kanye nabalingani bawo bomdabu bafa bewela amabhuloho nemisele, behlaselwa amabutho ase-Aztec. Kuma-Aztec, lokhu kwaba ukunqoba okukhulu, okubonisa ukuthi abaseSpain babengenakunqotshwa.
Nokho, uCortés akazange ayeke. Waphinde wahlangana nabalingani bakhe, wafuna ukwesekwa okwengeziwe, waqala ukwakha isu lokuvimbezela. Wakha nemikhumbi emincane (ama-brigantine) ukulawula ichibi, okuyisinyathelo esibalulekile ngoba iTenochtitlan yayithembele emifuleni yamanzi ukuze ithole izimpahla kanye nokuzivikela.
Ubhubhane Lwe-Smallpox: “Umngane” Obulalayo
Esinye sezici ezinkulu ekuweni kwama-Aztec kwaba ubhubhane lwe-smallpox olwaqala ngo-1520. Lesi sifo salethwa sivela e-Eurasia futhi sasingenawo amasosha omzimba aqinile kubantu bendawo. I-smallpox yasakazeka ngokushesha, yabulala abaningi, kuhlanganise namaqhawe, abaholi, kanye nezakhamuzi ezivamile. Umthelela awuzange nje ukwehla kwenani labantu, kodwa futhi nokwehla kokuziphatha, ukuphazamiseka kochungechunge lomyalo, kanye nobuthakathaka bekhono lokuhlela ukuzivikela.
Kunzima ukulinganisela indima yezifo eziwumshayabhuqe: ukunqoba kwezempi kwamaSpain kanye nabalingani bawo kwenzeka ngenxa yenhlekelele yabantu eyabangela ukumelana kwama-Aztec kwaba buthakathaka kakhulu.
Ukuvinjezelwa Nokuwa KweTenochtitlan
Ngo-1521, kwaqala ukuvinjezelwa okukhulu. Ngokulawulwa kwechibi ngama-brigantine, amabutho ahlangene anqamula ukudla namanzi, abhubhisa amabhuloho, futhi athatha indlela yokungena edolobheni ngalinye ngalinye. Kwalandela ukulwa okunamandla endlini ngendlu. I-Tenochtitlan, eyayiyisibonakaliso sobuhle, yaphenduka amanxiwa.
UCuauhtémoc, umbusi wokugcina wama-Aztec, wahola ukuphikiswa kwaze kwaba sekupheleni. Ngo-Agasti 1521, wabanjwa ngesikhathi ezama ukubaleka ngaphesheya kwechibi. Ukuthunjwa kwakhe kwaphawula ukuphela kokubusa kwama-Aztec njengombuso. Emanxiweni aseTenochtitlan, amaSpain akha iMexico City, isikhungo sikahulumeni wamakoloni esasizoba yinhliziyo yezombusazwe yesifunda.
Umphumela Wokunqoba: Ubukoloni kanye Noshintsho Lwempucuko
Lokhu kunqotshwa kwabangela izinguquko ezinkulu. Uhlelo lwezepolitiki lwama-Aztec lwathathelwa indawo ukuphathwa kwamakoloni aseSpain, okuhlanganisa nohlelo lwe-encomienda, olwaluvame ukuxhaphaza abasebenzi bomdabu. ISonto LamaKatolika ladlala indima enkulu ekwakhiweni kobuKristu nasekuhleleni kabusha komphakathi. Amathempeli amaningi abhujiswa noma akhiwa kabusha aba amasonto, futhi ulimi namasiko aseSpain kwaqala ukusabalala ezindaweni zamandla, yize isiko labomdabu lahlala linjalo.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukunqoba kwaholela emiphakathini yabantu abavamile, izinguquko zomnotho ngokuhlanganiswa kwamanethiwekhi okuhweba ase-Atlantic, kanye nokwehla okukhulu kwabantu bomdabu ngenxa yezifo kanye nokusebenza ngenkani. Kodwa-ke, ifa laseMesoamerica liyaqhubeka: ngolimi lwesiNahuatl, amasiko okupheka, ulwazi lwezolimo, ubuciko, kanye nobunikazi bendawo obusaqhubeka nanamuhla.
I-Penutup
Ukunqotshwa kwama-Aztec aseSpain kwakungeyona neze into eyodwa echazwe nje “ngokuphakama kwezikhali zaseYurophu.” Kwakuyinhlanganisela yobuhlakani bukaCortés kwezepolitiki, ukuhlukana kwangaphakathi kwaseMesoamerica, izivumelwano zamasu, inkinga yokufaneleka kwezomthetho enhliziyweni yamandla ama-Aztec, futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, umthelela wezifo eziwumshayabhuqe. Emanxiweni aseTenochtitlan kwavela uhlelo lwamakoloni olwakha umlando weMexico yanamuhla. Ukuqonda lokhu kunqotshwa kuwukukubona njengenqubo eyinkimbinkimbi—ebuhlungu emiphakathini eminingi—emikhondo yayo isekhona emasikweni, kwezombusazwe, nasenkumbulweni yomlando kuze kube namuhla.
