Isiko Namasiko AseJapan ase-Edo
Isikhathi sase-Edo (1603–1868) sasingesinye sezahluko ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni waseJapan. Ngaphansi kombuso we-shogunate waseTokugawa, iJapan yangena enkathini ende yokuzinza kwezepolitiki ngemuva kwamakhulu eminyaka yempi phakathi kwezizwe. Lokhu kuzinza kwaphinde kwaholela ekuthuthukisweni kwamasiko okuhlukile: impilo yasemadolobheni yachuma, ubuciko bendabuko bachuma, namasiko omphakathi aqiniswa. Isiko lase-Edo aliyona nje "isikhathi esidlule" saseJapan, kodwa liyisisekelo esiye sathonya kakhulu ubuwena baseJapan banamuhla—kusukela ekuziphatheni komsebenzi kanye nobuhle kuya emasikweni omphakathi ansuku zonke.
Isizinda Sesikhathi Se-Edo kanye Nesakhiwo Somphakathi
I-shogunate yaseTokugawa yabeka amandla amakhulu e-Edo (manje eyiTokyo), okwenza idolobha laba yisikhungo sokuphatha kanye nosomabhizinisi. Umphakathi wase-Edo wawaziwa ngohlelo lwawo lwesigaba oluqinile: ama-samurai ayephezulu njengesigaba esibusayo kanye nezikhulu zempi; abalimi babebalulekile ngokukhiqiza kwabo ukudla; kanti izingcweti nabathengisi babephansi kakhulu esigabeni esisemthethweni. Kodwa-ke, empeleni, abathengisi emadolobheni amakhulu njenge-Edo, i-Osaka, ne-Kyoto babevame ukuchuma kakhulu, njengoba umnotho wawubasekela.
Lesi sakhiwo senhlalo sathonya amasiko nezindlela zokuphila. Ama-samurai ayeboshwe yimithetho yokuziphatha kanye nezibopho, kuyilapho abantu basedolobheni (ama-chonin)—abathengisi nabadwebi—banenkululeko eyengeziwe yokuthuthukisa isiko lokuzijabulisa, imfashini, kanye nobuciko obudumile. Lokhu kwaveza “isiko lasedolobheni” elalichaza i-Edo: elinamandla, elithanda ukuthenga, neligxile ekuzijabuliseni.
Impilo Yasedolobheni kanye ne-"Ukiyo": Umhlaba Ontantayo
Omunye wemibono yamasiko edume kakhulu e-Edo yi-ukiyo, noma "umhlaba ontantayo," umfanekiso wempilo egcwele injabulo yesikhashana: imidlalo yaseshashalazini, umculo, izindlu zetiye, imikhosi, nezindawo zokuzijabulisa ezifana ne-Yoshiwara e-Edo. Kulezi zindawo, abantu bakhohlwa okwesikhashana ngezindinganiso zomphakathi eziqinile. Isiko le-Ukiyo lakhuthaza ukuvela kobuciko obubonisa impilo yansuku zonke, ubuhle, kanye nezindawo zasemadolobheni.
Kodwa-ke, i-ukiyo-e yayingaphezu nje kokunethezeka. Yayifanekisela noshintsho olukhulu: ukukhuphuka kwesigaba esiphakathi sasemadolobheni esinesikhathi samahhala nemali yokujabulela ukuzijabulisa. Izincwadi, amapheshana, kanye nezithombe eziqoshiwe eziqoshiwe zaba yimithombo yezindaba ethandwayo yokusabalalisa ulwazi kanye nezitayela, njenge-"mass media" yangaleso sikhathi.
Ubuciko be-Ukiyo-e kanye nezincwadi ezidumile
Isikhathi sase-Edo sazala ubuciko obudumile emhlabeni wonke bokuphrinta ngama-woodblock: ukiyo-e. Le ndlela yokuphrinta yavumela izithombe ukuthi zikhiqizwe ngobuningi futhi zithengiswe ngentengo ephansi, okuvumela ukuthi zijatshulelwe yizilaleli eziningi. Izindikimba ze-Ukiyo-e zazisukela ezithombeni zabalingisi be-kabuki nabesifazane abahle kuya ezindaweni ezinhle. Amagama amakhulu anjengoHokusai noHiroshige avele kuleli siko, akhiqiza imisebenzi edumile eyayizothonya ubuciko baseYurophu kamuva, okuhlanganisa ne-Impressionism.
Ezincwadini, imisebenzi ethandwayo efana nezincwadi zokuzijabulisa ezihlekisayo (gesaku) kanye nezindaba zamahlaya ezigxeka impilo yomphakathi ngobuqili nazo zanda. Imikhuba yokufunda yanda ngenxa yokutholakala kabanzi kwemfundo yamabanga aphansi, ikakhulukazi emadolobheni. Ukuba khona kwe-terakoya (izikole zomphakathi) kwenza izingane eziningi—ikakhulukazi ezivela emindenini yabadayisi—zazikwazi ukufunda nokubhala kanye nezibalo, zisekela imisebenzi yezohwebo kanye nokuphatha.
I-Kabuki and Bunraku Theater
Isiko lase-Edo lalixhumene kakhulu nemidlalo yeshashalazi. I-Kabuki yaba uhlobo lokuzijabulisa oludumile kakhulu, olunedrama, umdanso, umculo, kanye nemiklamo yasesiteji ehlaba umxhwele. Abadlali be-Kabuki baba yinto "edumile" ngaleso sikhathi—ubuso babo nezitayela zabo kwaze kwafiphala ngisho naku-ukiyo-e. I-Kabuki yayinekhodi ethile yobuhle: izimonyo ezisindayo, ukushukuma kwedrama, kanye nezindaba ezazibonisa ukungqubuzana phakathi kwesibopho somphakathi (giri) kanye nemizwa yomuntu siqu (ninjo).
Ngaphandle kwe-kabuki, i-bunraku, noma i-puppet theater, yachuma, ikakhulukazi e-Osaka. I-Bunraku yayinezingodo ezinkulu ezishukunyiswa abadlali bezingodo, ezihambisana nokulandisa (i-joruri) nomculo we-shamisen. Nakuba zazingododo, izindaba zazivame ukuthinta izingqikithi zokuziphatha, uthando oludabukisayo, kanye nezingcindezi zomphakathi—okubonisa amaqiniso angokwengqondo omphakathi wase-Edo.
Ukuziphatha kweSamurai kanye nefa likaBushido
Naphezu kokuthula okulinganiselwe kwesikhathi se-Edo, isigaba sama-samurai saqhubeka nokudlala indima ebalulekile njengabaphathi kanye nezimpawu zamandla. Izimiso zokuziphatha zama-samurai—ezivame ukufingqwa emqondweni we-bushido—zazigcizelela ukwethembeka, udumo, isiyalo, kanye nokuzithiba. Empeleni, lezi zindinganiso zathonya isiko lomsebenzi kanye nokuziphatha okuhle, ngisho nangale kwesigaba sama-samurai.
Ukubaluleka kodumo kubonakala nasemasikweni omphakathi: inkulumo enenhlonipho, inhlonipho ngabaphezulu, kanye nokugcizelela izibopho emndenini nasemphakathini. Izindaba eziningana ezidumile zesikhathi sase-Edo, njengenganekwane ka-ronin ka-47, ziqinisa indaba yokwethembeka nokuzidela eqhubeka kuphila emasikweni aseJapane namuhla.
Imikhosi, Inkolo, kanye Namasiko Ansuku Zonke
Amasiko e-Edo ayehlobene kakhulu nekhalenda lemikhosi kanye nemikhuba yenkolo. UbuShinto nobuBuddha babukhona ndawonye, buthonya amasiko kusukela ekuzalweni kuya emshadweni kuze kube sekufeni. Imikhosi (ama-matsuri) yaba imikhosi yomphakathi eyayiqinisa izibopho zomphakathi. Imikhosi yama-mikoshi (izindawo ezingcwele ezithwalwayo), imidlalo yomculo, kanye nemibukiso kwakuyizinto ezivamile, okwadala isimo semikhosi edolobheni.
Empilweni yansuku zonke, amasiko nemikhuba yayigcinwa ngokuqinile. Ukubingelelana, ukuziphatha kwezivakashi, ngisho nemikhuba yokubhukuda ezindaweni zokugezela zomphakathi (sento) kwakha isiko elihlangene. AmaSento ayengezona nje izindawo zokuhlanza umzimba, kodwa futhi ayeyindawo yokuxhumana lapho izakhamuzi zazihlangana khona futhi zixoxa. Amasiko okupheka nawo achuma: izindawo zokudla ze-soba, i-tempura, kanye ne-sushi (edomae-zushi) zesitayela sase-Edo zathandwa njengokudla okusheshayo kwasemadolobheni, okwakuphakelwa kalula izisebenzi nabathengisi.
Imfashini, Ubuhle, kanye Nemisebenzi Yezandla
Imfashini yase-Edo yayibuswa ama-kimono, anamaphethini ahlukahlukene abonisa isizini, isimo, kanye nokunambitheka. Abathengisi, nakuba ngokusemthethweni babengabantu besigaba esiphansi, babevame ukuba ngabasunguli bemfashini. Bathuthukisa ubuhle obubizwa ngokuthi i-iki: isitayela esilula kodwa esihle, esingacwangciswanga ngokweqile, kodwa esinesigaba esithile. Imibala emnyama namaphethini amancane ayevame ukukhethwa ngenxa yobuhle ngaphandle kokubonisa ingcebo ngokusobala—njengoba imithetho yayivimbela ukunethezeka ngokweqile.
Imisebenzi yezandla nayo yachuma, njengokukhiqizwa kwephepha le-washi, izinto zobumba, izinto ezenziwe nge-lacquer, kanye nezindwangu. Lezi zimpahla zathengiswa kabanzi futhi zaba izimpawu zekhwalithi yaseJapan. Isiko lobuciko (shokunin kishitsu), ubuciko obuqinisekisa ukuphelela, laqala ukuhluma phakathi nalesi sikhathi.
Isiphetho: Ifa lika-Edo leJapan Yanamuhla
Isiko namasiko ase-Edo Japan kuyinhlanganisela eyingqayizivele yokuhleleka komphakathi ngaphansi kombuso we-shogunate kanye nobuciko obukhulu bezakhamuzi zalo muzi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwakukhona uhlelo oluqinile lwesigaba, ukuziphatha, kanye nesiyalo; ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwakukhona ukwanda kobuciko obudumile, imidlalo yeshashalazi, izithombe eziqoshiwe zokhuni, ngisho nokudla kwasemgwaqweni. Isikhathi sase-Edo sasifundisa ukuthi ukuzinza kwezepolitiki kungakhuthaza ukusungula izinto ezintsha kwamasiko, kuyilapho impilo yasemadolobheni idala izindawo zokuzijabulisa kanye nokuveza izinto zokudala.
Ifa le-Edo lisabonakala nanamuhla. I-Kabuki isadlalwa, i-ukiyo-e iyafundwa futhi iqoqwe emhlabeni wonke, futhi imiqondo yobuhle efana ne-iki ithonya ukwakheka kwesimanje kwaseJapane. Ngisho namasiko omphakathi—kusukela endleleni esisebenzisana ngayo emphakathini kuya ekwazisweni komsebenzi ocophelelayo—anezimpawu eziqinile zesikhathi se-Edo. Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda isiko le-Edo ukuqonda esinye sezimpande ezibaluleke kakhulu zeJapane yanamuhla.
