Umsuka Nomlando Wekhalenda LikaJulian
Ikhalenda ingenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wempucuko yabantu. Ngaphandle kohlelo lwekhalenda oluhlelekile, imiphakathi ibingaba nzima ukuhlela izinkathi zokutshala, imisebenzi yenkolo, ukuhweba, kanye nokuphathwa kukahulumeni. Phakathi kwezinhlelo ezahlukene zekhalenda ezake zasetshenziswa, ikhalenda likaJulian liphethe isikhundla esiyingqayizivele, lisebenza njengesisekelo sekhalenda laseNtshonalanga iminyaka engaphezu kwenkulungwane futhi lisasetshenziswa nanamuhla kwamanye amasiko. Lesi sihloko sihlola imvelaphi nomlando wekhalenda likaJulian, imvelaphi yalo, ukuthi lisebenza kanjani, nokuthi ekugcineni lathathelwa indawo kanjani yikhalenda likaGregory.
Ingemuva: Isiphithiphithi Sekhalenda LamaRoma
Ngaphambi kokuba kuqalwe ikhalenda likaJulian, amaRoma ayesebenzisa uhlelo lwekhalenda olwalushintshwe kaningi, ngokuvamile ngenxa yezizathu zezombusazwe. Ikhalenda lamaRoma ekuqaleni laliyinyanga, ngakho ubude bonyaka babungafani ngaso sonke isikhathi nomjikelezo wezinkathi. Lapho izibalo zenyanga zingalungiswa njalo, isikhathi sokutshala sasingase sidlule kakhulu ezinsukwini zekhalenda. Ukuze kulungiswe lokhu kushintsha, amaRoma anezela izinyanga zokuhlanganisa, kodwa lo mkhuba wawungaguquki futhi uvame ukushintshwa.
Ngesikhathi seRiphabhulikhi yaseRoma, ukwengezwa kwenyanga ehlanganisiwe kwakungasetshenziswa ukwandisa isikhathi sokusebenza kwezikhulu ezithile noma ukubambezela ukhetho. Ngenxa yalokho, ikhalenda laqala ukungathembeki. Ngekhulu loku-1 BC, lokhu kudideka kwafinyelela iphuzu elibalulekile: izinsuku ezisemthethweni zazingasahambisani nezinkathi zangempela. Kulesi simo, ukuguqulwa kwekhalenda kwaba yisidingo esiphuthumayo sokuphathwa kwezwe kanye nokuhleleka komphakathi.
UJulius Caesar kanye neNguquko Enkulu
Izinguquko zavela kuGaius Julius Caesar. Ngemva kokuzibandakanya emikhankasweni eyahlukene yezempi neyezepolitiki, uCaesar wathola amandla amakhulu eRoma. Ngo-46 BC, njengo-pontifex maximus (umholi ophakeme wezindaba zenkolo yamaRoma) kanye nombusi weqiniso, wayenegunya lokubuyekeza uhlelo lwekhalenda.
UCaesar akazange asebenze yedwa. Wayesizwa isazi sezinkanyezi sase-Alexandria, eGibhithe, ogama lakhe linguSosigenes. I-Alexandria yayiyisikhungo sokufunda ngaleso sikhathi, futhi isiko lezinkanyezi laseGibhithe lalinomlando omude wokusebenzisa ikhalenda lelanga. Ngokungafani nekhalenda lenyanga, elincike ezigabeni zenyanga, ikhalenda lelanga livumelanisa ukubalwa konyaka nokunyakaza kwelanga okubonakalayo, okunquma izinkathi zonyaka.
Izinguquko zikaKesari empeleni zashintsha iRoma yaba ikhalenda yelanga, zivimbela izinkathi nezinsuku ukuthi zingashintshi njalo. Lokhu kwaphawula ukuzalwa kwekhalenda likaJulian.
Unyaka Wokudideka: “Unyaka Wokudideka” (46 BC)
Ngaphambi kokuba ikhalenda elisha liqale ukusebenza ngokugcwele, uKhesari kwadingeka “ahlele kabusha” ikhalenda, elaliphambukile kakhulu endleleni. Unyaka ka-46 BC waziwa emithonjeni yomlando ngokuthi i-annus confusionis, noma “unyaka wokudideka,” ngenxa yobude bawo obungavamile. Ukuze abuyisele ukuvumelana nezinkathi zonyaka, uKhesari wanezela izinsuku ezengeziwe eziningana—ezinye izindaba zibeka unyaka cishe ezinsukwini ezingu-445. Lokhu kwandiswa okukhulu kwakudingeka ukuze unyaka olandelayo uqale ngekhalenda elisha, elizinzile.
Kusukela ngo-45 BC, ikhalenda likaJulian laqala ukusetshenziswa ngokusemthethweni.
Indlela Ikhalenda LikaJulian Elisebenza Ngayo
Ikhalenda likaJulian libeka imithetho elula:
1. Ubude bonyaka buyizinsuku ezingu-365.
2. Njalo eminyakeni emi-4, kunezelwa usuku olulodwa olwengeziwe (unyaka oqhubekayo), okwenza kube yizinsuku ezingu-366.
Ngamanye amazwi, ubude obujwayelekile bonyaka ekhalendeni likaJulian buyizinsuku ezingu-365,25.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhalenda likaJulian lahlela kabusha ubude bezinyanga njengoba sizazi: ezinye izinyanga zazinezinsuku ezingama-30, ezinye zingama-31, kanti uFebhuwari waba yifushane kakhulu. Isiko elidumile lilandisa ngo-Augustus noJulius "abalwa" ngobude bezinyanga (isibonelo, u-Agasti wanikezwa izinsuku ezingama-31), kodwa le mininingwane ngokuyinhloko iyingxube yenganekwane kanye nokulula komlando. Ngokusobala, uhlelo lwenyanga lwekhalenda lamaRoma kamuva lwahlelwa ngendlela efanayo, okwenza kwaba lula ukulusebenzisa ngokwezokuphatha.
Inkinga Efihliwe: Umehluko Nonyaka Wezindawo Ezishisayo
Nakuba ikhalenda likaJulian lalicocekile kakhulu kunekhalenda lamaRoma langaphambilini, lalisenobuthakathaka besayensi. Unyaka wezindawo ezishisayo (ubude besikhathi somhlaba sokubuyela endaweni efanayo uma kuqhathaniswa nezinkathi zonyaka, cishe kusukela ku-equinox kuya ku-equinox) empeleni cishe izinsuku ezingu-365,2422, hhayi izinsuku ezingu-365,25.
Umehluko ubonakala umncane: cishe izinsuku ezingu-0,0078 ngonyaka, noma cishe imizuzu eyi-11 nemizuzwana eyi-14. Kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lo mehluko uyahlangana. Ngenxa yalokho, ikhalenda likaJulian libuyela emuva cishe ngosuku olulodwa njalo eminyakeni eyi-128 uma liqhathaniswa nezinkathi zonyaka. Emakhulwini eminyaka, usuku lwe-equinox yasentwasahlobo—olubalulekile ekubaleni amaholide enkolo—luyashintsha kakhulu.
Indima Yekhalenda LikaJulian Ezweni LamaKristu
Ikhalenda likaJulian laba nethonya elikhulu njengoba uMbuso WaseRoma ushintsha futhi ubuKrestu banda. Ikhalenda lesonto, ikakhulukazi mayelana nokunqunywa kwePhasika, lalithembele endaweni ye-equinox kanye nezigaba zenyanga. UMkhandlu waseNicaea ngo-325 AD, isibonelo, wasungula iziqondiso zokubala iPhasika ngokubhekisela ku-equinox yasentwasahlobo.
NgeNkathi Ephakathi, ikhalenda likaJulian lalisetshenziswa kabanzi eYurophu, kuhulumeni, kwezentengiselwano, kanye nasenkonzweni yesonto. Ngisho nangemva kokuwa koMbuso WaseRoma WaseNtshonalanga, ikhalenda likaJulian lahlala liyisimiso esijwayelekile ezifundeni eziningi ngoba ukuphathwa kwesonto kanye namasiko okubhala imibhalo ayethembele kulo.
Ukuguqulwa kukaGregory: Ukulungisa Ikhalenda likaJulian
Ngekhulu le-16, ukuphambuka kwekhalenda likaJulian ezinkathini zonyaka kwakukukhulu ngokwanele ukubangela izinkinga ezinkulu, ikakhulukazi eSontweni LamaKatolika. Ngawo-1500, i-vernal equinox, okwakufanele ibe cishe ngoMashi 21 (ngokusho koMkhandlu waseNicaea), yayisishintshele cishe ngoMashi 11 ekhalendeni likaJulian. Lokhu kwathinta ukubalwa kwamaPhasika kanye nekhalenda lesonto.
Ngakho-ke, ngo-1582, uPapa Gregory XIII wethula ikhalenda likaGregory. Kwakukhona izinguquko ezimbili eziyinhloko:
1. Ukususa izinsuku eziyi-10 ukuze “kufinyelelwe” nezinkathi zonyaka (isb., ngemva kuka-Okthoba 4, 1582 kwaba u-Okthoba 15, 1582 emazweni akwamukela ngokushesha).
2. Kushintshwe imithetho yonyaka wokugxumagxuma: iminyaka yekhulu leminyaka (isb., 1700, 1800, 1900) akuyona iminyaka yokugxumagxuma ngaphandle kokuthi ihlukaniswe ngo-400 (isb., 1600 no-2000 iminyaka yokugxumagxuma). Lokhu kwenza ubude bonyaka obujwayelekile bube yizinsuku ezingu-365,2425, okusondele kakhulu onyakeni wezindawo ezishisayo.
Lolu shintsho lunciphise kakhulu ukuguguleka kwesizini, okwenza ikhalenda likaGregory linembe kakhudlwana esikhathini eside.
Ukusatshalaliswa Okungafani
Ukwamukelwa kwekhalenda likaGregory akwenzekanga ngesikhathi esisodwa emhlabeni wonke. Amazwe angamaKatolika afana ne-Italy, iSpain, nePortugal alamukela kusenesikhathi, kanti amazwe amaningi amaProthestani nama-Orthodox aphuza ngenxa yezizathu zezepolitiki nezenkolo. IBrithani namakoloni ayo amukela ikhalenda likaGregory ngo-1752. IRussia yashintsha ngemva kweNguquko ka-1917, okwaholela eqinisweni elithakazelisayo: "iNguquko ka-Okthoba" ngokwekhalenda likaJulian yenzeka ngoNovemba wekhalenda likaGregory.
Ngenxa yalomehluko ezikhathini zokwamukelwa, izinsuku ezimbili zivame ukuvela emibhalweni yomlando: Isitayela Esidala (OS) sikaJulian kanye nesitayela Esisha (NS) sikaGregory.
Ikhalenda likaJulian Ezikhathini Zanamuhla
Nakuba ikhalenda likaGregory seliyindinganiso yomhlaba wonke, ikhalenda likaJulian alikanyamalali ngokuphelele. Amanye amasonto ase-Eastern Orthodox asasebenzisa ikhalenda likaJulian emikhosini ethile, okuhlanganisa noKhisimusi. Ngenxa yokuthi umehluko phakathi kwamakhalenda kaJulian nakaGregory uyaqhubeka nokukhula (njengamanje izinsuku ezingu-13 ekhulwini lama-21), uKhisimusi, mhla zingama-25 kuZibandlela ngokwekhalenda likaJulian, uwela mhla ziyi-7 kuJanuwari ngokwekhalenda likaGregory.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, igama elithi “ikhalenda likaJulian” livela nasezimweni zesayensi ezifana “nenombolo yosuku lukaJulian” (uhlelo lokubala usuku ngokulandelana olusetshenziswa yisayensi yezinkanyezi), yize lo mqondo ungeyona ikhalenda likaJulian ngomqondo wabantu abavamile, kodwa kunalokho uhlelo lwezinombolo olusiza ukubala izinkanyezi.
Isiphetho
Ikhalenda likaJulian lavela esidingweni esiyisisekelo: ukuletha ukuhleleka ohlelweni lwesikhathi oluphithizelayo lwaseRoma nokuvumelanisa ikhalenda nezinkathi zonyaka. Ngenxa yezinguquko zikaJulius Caesar kanye nosizo lwesayensi yezinkanyezi yase-Alexandria, ikhalenda likaJulian laba ngelinye lamafa ahlala isikhathi eside emlandweni wesintu. Kodwa-ke, ukunemba kwalo okungaphelele kwesayensi kwabangela ukuthi lishintshe kancane kancane ezinkathini zonyaka, ekugcineni lathathelwa indawo ikhalenda likaGregory.
Noma kunjalo, ikhalenda likaJulian lihlala libalulekile njengengqophamlando emlandweni wolwazi nohulumeni. Libonisa indlela imiphakathi eyazama ngayo ukunqoba ubunzima bemvelo—ukuhamba kwelanga, izinkathi zonyaka, kanye nemigomo yokuphila—ngemithetho evunyelwene ngayo. Kusukela eRoma lasendulo kuya emasikweni enkolo anamuhla, imikhondo yekhalenda likaJulian isazwakala, okufakazela ukuthi izinhlelo zekhalenda aziyona nje indaba yokubala izinsuku, kodwa kunalokho ziyisibonakaliso sezidingo zomphakathi, zezombusazwe, nezesayensi zesikhathi esithile.
