Ukufa Okumnyama eYurophu
I-Black Death, noma "i-Black Plague," yayingenye yezinhlekelele zempilo ezibhubhisa kakhulu emlandweni wesintu. Yahlasela iYurophu maphakathi nekhulu le-14 futhi yanyakazisa cishe zonke izici zokuphila: izibalo zabantu, ezomnotho, amasiko, inkolo, ngisho nentuthuko yesayensi. Eminyakeni embalwa nje, izigidi zafa, amadolobha akhubazeka, ukuhweba kwaphazamiseka, futhi ukuhleleka komphakathi kwashintsha kakhulu. Lesi sihloko sihlola imvelaphi, ukusabalala, umthelela, kanye nefa lomlando le-Black Death eYurophu.
Imvelaphi kanye nesizinda sokuvela
Iningi lezazi-mlando likholelwa ukuthi imbangela eyinhloko ye-Black Death kwakuyibhaktheriya i-Yersinia pestis, esakazeka ngokulunywa yizimpukane ezihlala kumagundane, ikakhulukazi amagundane amnyama (i-Rattus rattus). Nakuba kunempikiswano mayelana nobunzima bokudluliselwa—kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kwakungokudluliselwa kwempukane namagundane kuphela noma nangokudluliselwa komuntu nomuntu ngendlela ye-pneumonia—isivumelwano esivamile ukuthi isifo se-bubonic yisona esasiyimbangela eyinhloko.
Kucatshangwa ukuthi lokhu kuqubuka kwaqala e-Asia Ephakathi, lapho imizila yokuhweba enqamula amazwekazi yachuma khona. Ngekhulu le-14, inethiwekhi yeSilk Road yaxhumanisa amadolobha okuhweba asuka eShayina aye eMedithera. Ukuhamba kwabantu abaningi kanye nezimpahla, kuhlangene nokungahlanzeki kahle emadolobheni agcwele abantu, kwadala indawo evundile yokusabalala kwezifo ezithathelwanayo.
Kukhona futhi indaba eyaziwayo yokuvinjezelwa kwedolobha laseKaffa (manje eliyiFeodosiya eCrimea) ngamabutho aseMongol ngo-1346. Ezinye izindaba zisikisela ukuthi izidumbu zezisulu zobhubhane zaphonswa edolobheni njengendlela yokuqala "yempi yezinto eziphilayo." Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imininingwane inembile kangakanani, iKaffa ivame ukubonakala njengesixhumanisi esiyinhloko esixhumanisa ukusabalala kobhubhane kusukela e-Asia kuya eYurophu ngemikhumbi yabathengisi.
Ukungena eYurophu kanye nezindlela zokusabalala
I-Black Death yangena eYurophu cishe ngo-1347, lapho imikhumbi evela esifundeni saseBlack Sea ifika emachwebeni aseMedithera njengeMessina (eSicily), eGenoa, naseVenice. Amatilosi agulayo, amagundane ayesemkhunjini, kanye nezimpukane ezazithwalwa emithwalweni yazo kwakha uchungechunge lokuqala lokudluliselwa kwegciwane.
Kusukela kula machweba, ubhubhane lwasakazeka ngokushesha emizileni yokuhweba yasemhlabathini neyasolwandle. Ngesikhathi esifushane, lwasakazeka lwaya eFrance, eSpain, ePortugal, ngisho naseNgilandi. Unyaka ka-1348 wawuyinkathi ebhubhisa kakhulu ingxenye enkulu yeNtshonalanga Yurophu, kanti ngo-1349-1351 ubhubhane lwasakazeka kabanzi eNyakatho naseMpumalanga Yurophu.
Ijubane lokusabalala liqhutshwa yizici eziningana:
1. Ubuningi babantu basemadolobheni bukhule kusukela ekhulwini elidlule, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokukhula kohwebo.
2. Izimo zokuhlanzeka ezingezinhle, lapho imfucuza ivame ukulahlwa emigwaqweni noma emifuleni.
3. Ukungondleki kahle kanye nempilo yomphakathi ebuthaka, ngenxa yokwehluleka kwezitshalo kanye nesimo sezulu esingalindelekile ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-14.
4. Ukuhamba okuphezulu kwabahwebi, amasosha kanye nabahambi.
Izimpawu zesifo kanye nokwesaba umphakathi
I-Black Death yaveza izimpawu ezesabekayo ezivame ukuchazwa ezindabeni zasendulo. Esimweni se-bubonic, izisulu zazizwa zinomkhuhlane omkhulu, amakhaza, ubuthakathaka obukhulu, kanye nokukhula kwamaqhubu amakhulu, abuhlungu (ama-buboe) emakhwapheni, entanyeni, noma emisipheni. Isikhumba sasingaba mnyama ngenxa yokopha ngaphansi kwesikhumba noma izicubu ezifile—esinye sezizathu zokuthi kungani sabizwa ngokuthi “i-Black Plague.” Esimweni se-pneumonia, ukutheleleka kwathinta amaphaphu futhi kwasakazeka ngamaconsi, okwabangela ukukhwehlela igazi nokufa okusheshayo.
Ukungazi kwezokwelapha ngaleso sikhathi kwaholela abantu ekubeni babhekisele ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zezincazelo: intukuthelo yaphezulu, amathonya ezinkanyezi, umoya omubi (miasma), noma "ubuthi" obusakazeka endaweni ezungezile. Ngezikhathi zokwesaba, amahemuhemu kanye nokufuna izisulu zokubulawa kwabantu kwakuvela kalula. Amaqembu amancane, ikakhulukazi imiphakathi yamaJuda, ayevame ukusolwa ngokufaka ubuthi emithonjeni yamanzi futhi ayeyizisulu zobudlova emadolobheni amaningana aseYurophu.
Imizamo yokuphendula nokusingatha umphakathi
Izimpendulo ku-Black Death zazihlukahlukene futhi zivame ukuba nesiphithiphithi. Abantu abaningi babaleka emadolobheni athintekile, bengazi ukuthi ukuthutha kungasakaza lesi sifo. Amanye amaqembu nawo ahlanganyela emikhubeni yenkolo eyeqisayo, njenge-flagellant—abantu ababezihlukumeza njengendlela yokuzisola ngobuningi, benethemba lokuqeda lesi sifo.
Kodwa-ke, kusukela kule nhlekelele, kwaqala ukuvela ezinye izindlela "zesimanje". Amadolobha asechwebeni njengeVenice abe esethuthukisa izinhlelo zokuhlukaniswa. Umqondo wokuhlukaniswa (okuvela egameni lesiNtaliyane elithi quaranta, elisho ukuthi 40) wawubhekisela esikhathini esingaba yizinsuku ezingu-40 zokuhlukaniswa kwemikhumbi noma abahambi ngaphambi kokuba bavunyelwe ukungena. Nakuba le nqubomgomo yayingenalo ukuqonda ngamagciwane, yabonisa ukuqonda okusebenzayo ukuthi ukunciphisa ukuthintana kunganciphisa ukudluliselwa.
Ohulumeni bamadolobha nabo baqala ukusebenzisa imithetho yokuhlanzeka, ukuqapha imakethe, kanye nemikhawulo yokuhamba. Nakuba zingasebenzi ngaso sonke isikhathi, lezi zinyathelo zaba yisiqalo sezinqubomgomo zezempilo zomphakathi eYurophu.
Umthelela wabantu: ukulahlekelwa yisizukulwane ngesikhathi esifushane
Umthelela osobala kakhulu we-Black Death kwaba ukwehla okukhulu kwenani labantu. Izilinganiso zenani lezisulu ziyahlukahluka, kodwa izazi-mlando eziningi zilinganisela ukuthi cishe u-30-50% wabantu baseYurophu bafa phakathi neminyaka embalwa. Kwamanye amadolobha, izinga lokufa laliphezulu nakakhulu. Amadolobhana alahleka noma ashiywa ngenxa yokulahlekelwa okukhulu kwabantu.
Lokhu kufa kwabantu abaningi kwadala ukushoda kwabasebenzi, kwaphazamisa izakhiwo zemindeni, futhi kwanqamula izixhumanisi eziningi zomnotho wendawo. Amathuna amaningi aba yinto evamile njengoba inani lezisulu lalingaphezu kwamandla ezindawo zokungcwaba ezivamile.
Umthelela wezomnotho nowezenhlalo: ukuwa kohlelo oludala
Ukuntuleka kwabasebenzi kwashintsha ubudlelwano phakathi kwabasebenzi nabanini bomhlaba. Izisebenzi zasemapulazini ezisaphila kanye nezisebenzi zasemadolobheni zathola isikhundla esiqinile sokuxoxisana njengoba abasebenzi babeba mbalwa. Amaholo ayevame ukukhuphuka, futhi kwavela izidingo zezimo zokusebenza ezithuthukisiwe. Kwezinye izindawo, ohulumeni bazama ukunciphisa ukukhushulwa kwamaholo ngemithethonqubo, kodwa lezi zinqubomgomo zazivame ukudala ukungezwani emphakathini.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, i-Black Death yasheshisa ukwehla kobushiqela eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Ukuthembela emisebenzini ephethwe umhlaba kwehla, kuyilapho umnotho wemali kanye nemakethe yezabasebenzi eguquguqukayo yathuthuka. Lezi zinguquko azenzekanga ngobusuku obubodwa, kodwa ubhubhane lwasebenza njengesisusa esinamandla esasheshisa inqubo yokuguqulwa kwezenhlalo nezomnotho.
Umthelela wamasiko nenkolo: ithunzi lokufa
Ngokwesiko, i-Black Death yashiya uphawu olujulile kwezobuciko, ezincwadini, kanye nemibono yabantu ngokuphila nokufa. Isihloko esithi "memento mori" (khumbula ukuthi uzofa) sagqama kakhulu, sabonakala emidwebweni, ezinkondlweni, nasemasikweni enkolo. Umqondo we-"Danse Macabre," noma "Dance of Death," obonisa ukufa njengokuza kuwo wonke umuntu kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumuntu onjani, wathuthuka kulo lonke elaseYurophu.
Ukwethembana ezikhungweni zenkolo nakho kuye kwanyakaziswa. Abantu abaningi bayazibuza ukuthi kungani imithandazo namasiko kungazange kuvimbele ukuqubuka kwalesi sifo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abanye abantu sebethanda kakhulu inkolo futhi bafuna insindiso engokomoya. Lezi zimo zengqondo zihlukaniswe futhi ziyahlukahluka kuye ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwesifunda kanye nendawo.
Ifa Lokufa Okumnyama eYurophu
I-Black Death ayizange iphele ngegagasi elilodwa nje kuphela. I-Black Death yabuya ngamagagasi alandelayo emakhulwini eminyaka, nakuba yayingesibi njalo njengegagasi lika-1347–1351. Noma kunjalo, lesi senzakalo saphawula inkathi yokuguquka emlandweni waseYurophu.
Ezinye zefa lakhe elikhulu zihlanganisa:
1. Ukuthuthukiswa kwasekuqaleni kwezinqubomgomo zezempilo zomphakathi, okuhlanganisa ukuhlukaniswa kwabantu kanye nokuqapha amachweba.
2. Izinguquko esakhiweni senhlalo-mnotho, kanye nesimo sokuxoxisana esikhulayo sabasebenzi kanye nobuthakathaka bezindlela zokubusa kwezizwe ezifundeni eziningana.
3. Izinguquko emasikweni nasemqondweni, eziphawulwa ukukhathazeka kwabantu bonke, ukucabanga ngokufa, kanye nokuvezwa kobuciko obumnyama.
4. Izifundo mayelana nokuba sengozini komhlaba wonke, njengoba ubhubhane lusakazeka ngamanethiwekhi okuhweba ngamazwe—iphethini efanele ezikhathini zanamuhla.
Isiphetho
Ukufa Okumnyama eYurophu kwakuyinhlekelele yabantu eyaqeda izigidi zabantu futhi yanyakazisa izisekelo zomphakathi wasendulo. Kodwa-ke, kulokhu konakala kwavela izinguquko ezinkulu ezabumba inkambo yomlando olandelayo: izinqubomgomo zezempilo zomphakathi zaqalwa, izakhiwo zezomnotho zashintsha, futhi isiko laseYurophu lashintsha. Ukufa Okumnyama kwaba yisikhumbuzo sokuthi izinhlupho azizona nje izehlakalo zezokwelapha, kodwa futhi nezehlakalo zomphakathi, zezombusazwe, nezamasiko ezingaguqula kakhulu impucuko.
Uma ungathanda, ngingenza futhi inguqulo yezemfundo yalesi sihloko (ephelele ngemibhalo ecashuniwe) noma inguqulo elula yemisebenzi yesikole.
