Ukuwa Kodonga LwaseBerlin Nokuphela KweMpi Yomshoshaphansi
Ukuwa koDonga lwaseBerlin ngoNovemba 9, 1989, kungenye yezenzakalo eziphawulekayo emlandweni wanamuhla. Kwakungaphezu nje kokuwa kwesakhiwo sekhonkrithi esihlukanisa idolobha, kodwa futhi kwakuwuphawu lokuwa kokuhlukana kwemibono phakathi kweNtshonalanga neMpumalanga okwakwakha ukuhleleka komhlaba amashumi eminyaka. Udonga lwalume njengomfanekiso obonakalayo weMpi Yomshoshaphansi—ingxabano yezombusazwe, imibono, kanye nethonya lomhlaba wonke phakathi kwe-United States neSoviet Union. Lapho udonga luvulwa futhi lwabhujiswa, umhlaba wabona izinguquko ezinkulu ezasheshisa ukuphela kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi futhi zavula indlela yokuhleleka okusha kwaseYurophu.
Ingemuva: IBerlin kanye nezwe elihlukene
Ngemva kokuphela kweMpi Yezwe II ngo-1945, iJalimane yahlukaniswa yaba yizindawo ezine zokuhlala ezilawulwa yi-United States, iBrithani, iFrance kanye neSoviet Union. IBerlin—nakuba yayingaphakathi kwesifunda saseSoviet—nayo yahlukaniswa yaba yizindawo ezine. Ukungezwani phakathi kwababengabangane besikhathi sempi kwakhula ngokushesha. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iWestern Bloc yakhuthaza intando yeningi ekhululekile kanye nomnotho wemakethe; ngakolunye uhlangothi, iSoviet Union yasungula uhulumeni wobukhomanisi onomnotho ohleliwe.
Lo mehluko wabangela ukuhlukana okuhlala njalo: ngo-1949, iFederal Republic of Germany (West Germany) yavela endaweni yaseNtshonalanga, kwathi iGerman Democratic Republic (East Germany) yavela ngaphansi kwethonya laseSoviet. IBerlin yaba yindawo yokuhlasela. Idolobha lasebenza njenge "siqhingi saseNtshonalanga" enhliziyweni yeMpumalanga Jalimane, kanye nesiteji esikhulu senkulumo-ze, ubunhloli, kanye nokulwela ithonya.
Kungani Kwakhiwa Udonga LwaseBerlin?
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1950 nasekuqaleni kwawo-1960, iMpumalanga Jalimane yabhekana nenkinga enkulu: ukufuduka kwabantu eNtshonalanga. AmaJalimane amaningi aseMpumalanga—ikakhulukazi izisebenzi ezinekhono, ochwepheshe, kanye nentsha—abaleka eBerlin efuna inkululeko yezepolitiki namathuba ezomnotho eNtshonalanga Jalimane. Lokhu kufuduka kwabantu abaningi kwaqeda amandla abasebenzi futhi kwaba usongo ekubalukeni kobuKhomanisi.
Ngo-Agasti 13, 1961, uhulumeni waseMpumalanga Jalimane, ngokusekelwa yiSoviet Union, waqala ukwakha umngcele owawuzobizwa ngokuthi uDonga lwaseBerlin. Ekuqaleni wawunocingo olunezinsika kanye nezikhala zonogada, kamuva waguquka waba uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lwezivimbelo zekhonkrithi, izinqaba zokulinda, izibani zamanzi, izimayini, kanye “nezindawo zokufa” ezenzelwe ukuvimbela ukuphuma. Udonga lwahlukanisa imindeni, lwanqamula amanethiwekhi omphakathi, futhi lwaba uphawu olungenakulungiseka kakhulu “lweKhethini Lensimbi” elahlukanisa iYurophu.
Ukuphila Kuzinhlangothi Ezimbili Zodonga
Cishe iminyaka engamashumi amathathu, umehluko phakathi kwalezi zinhlangothi ezimbili waba sobala kakhulu. INtshonalanga Jalimane yabhekana “nesimangaliso sezomnotho” (iWirtschaftswunder), ijabulela ukukhula okusheshayo, ukusetshenziswa kakhulu, kanye nokwanda kwenkululeko yomphakathi. IMpumalanga Jalimane, naphezu kokuthuthukisa imboni kanye nokunikeza izinsizakalo eziningi zomphakathi, yayingaphansi kokulawulwa okuqinile kwamasosha okuphepha, ikakhulukazi i-Stasi (amaphoyisa ayimfihlo), ayeqapha izakhamuzi eduze. Inkululeko yokukhuluma kanye nokuhamba yayivinjelwe kakhulu.
Nokho, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukuzinza kweMpumalanga Jalimane kwakungengenxa yokulawula kuphela, kodwa futhi nokwakheka kweqembu laseSoviet, elaligcina isimo sinjalo. Uma nje iSoviet Union yayilokhu iqinile futhi ikwazi ukungenelela, izinguquko ezinkulu zazinzima. Kodwa ngawo-1980, leso sisekelo saqala ukuqhekeka.
Inkinga Yezwe LaseMpumalanga kanye Nokuvela Kwezinguquko
Maphakathi nawo-1980, iSoviet Union ngaphansi kukaMikhail Gorbachev yaqala izinqubomgomo ze-perestroika (ukuhlela kabusha) kanye ne-glasnost (ukuvuleleka). Umgomo kwakuwukuthuthukisa umnotho nokunciphisa ukungasebenzi kahle kwezepolitiki. Nakuba lezi zinguquko zingazange zihlakaze ngokuqondile i-Soviet bloc, umthelela wazo wawufinyelela kude: imibono yokuvuleleka nokushintsha yaphefumulela abantu baseMpumalanga Yurophu ukuba bafune inkululeko enkulu.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umnotho wamazwe aseMpumalanga Bloc wawungaphansi kwengcindezi: umkhiqizo wawuphansi, izikweletu zazikhuphuka, izimpahla zabathengi zaziyindlala, futhi ukunganeliseki komphakathi kwakukhula. Kwavela izinhlangano eziphikisayo ezindaweni ezahlukene. EPoland, inyunyana yabasebenzi iSolidarity yaphonsela inselelo umbuso wamaKhomanisi. EHungary, uhulumeni waqala ukukhulula izilawuli nokuvula umnyango wokuguqulwa.
Isenzakalo esibalulekile senzeka lapho iHungary ivula umngcele wayo ne-Austria ngo-1989. Lesi sikhala sadala "indlela yokubaleka" yamaJalimane aseMpumalanga ayefuna ukufinyelela eNtshonalanga. Izinkulungwane zasebenzisa ithuba laso. Ingcindezi kuhulumeni waseMpumalanga Jalimane yanda kakhulu: babengasakwazi ukuvimba igagasi lesifiso sabantu sokuhamba nokukhuluma.
Igagasi Lemibhikisho kanye Noshintsho Lwango-1989
Ngo-1989, kwaqubuka imibhikisho emikhulu emadolobheni ahlukahlukene kulo lonke elaseMpumalanga Jalimane, ikakhulukazi eLeipzig, kulokho okwaziwa ngokuthi yiMibhikisho YangoMsombuluko. Izimfuno zashintsha kusukela ekuguqulweni okulinganiselwe kuya ekubizeni inkululeko, ukhetho olufanele, kanye nelungelo lokuhamba. Isiqubulo esithi “Wir sind das Volk” (Singabantu) sazwakala, siphonsela inselelo isimangalo sikahulumeni sokumelela abantu.
Uhulumeni waseMpumalanga Jalimane wawusenkingeni. Umholi wesikhathi eside u-Erich Honecker wathathelwa indawo ngu-Egon Krenz, kodwa ushintsho lwalunganele ukuqeda inkinga. Uhulumeni wazama izinyathelo eziqinile zokunciphisa imikhawulo yokuhamba, kodwa ukuxhumana okungekuhle kwamane kwabhebhethekisa ukuqhuma.
Novemba 9, 1989: Udonga Luyavuleka
Ngobusuku bangoNovemba 9, 1989, isikhulu saseMpumalanga Jalimane, uGünter Schabowski, samemezela engqungqutheleni yabezindaba ukuthi imithetho emisha yokuhamba izovumela izakhamuzi ukuba ziwele umngcele. Lapho ebuzwa ukuthi imithetho izoqala nini ukusebenza, uSchabowski—ngenothi elididayo kancane—waphendula “ngokushesha, ngaphandle kokulibala.” Ukusakazwa kwasakazeka ngokushesha ngethelevishini nomsakazo. Izinkulungwane zezakhamuzi zagcwala ezindaweni zokuhlola eBerlin Wall.
Onogada basemngceleni abazange bathole miyalelo ecacile futhi babhekene nesixuku esikhulayo. Bengakulungele ubudlova obukhulu—futhi mhlawumbe ngenxa yesimo sezombusazwe esishintshayo—ekugcineni bavula amasango. Abantu baseMpumalanga naseNtshonalanga bangana, bakhuphuka odongeni, bahlabelela, futhi bagubha umzuzu owawubonakala ungenakwenzeka ngaphambili. Ezinsukwini ezalandela, izakhamuzi zaqala ukubhidliza izingxenye zodonga ngezando nama-chisel, zakha izingcezu ezingokomfanekiso ezaziwa ngokuthi “izikhumbuzo” zomlando.
Umphumela Osheshayo: Ekuhlanganiseni KwaseJalimane
Ukuwa koDonga lwaseBerlin kwaqala ngokushesha inqubo yokuhlanganiswa kabusha kwamaJalimane. Ngo-1990, kwaba nezingxoxo ezijulile phakathi kweNtshonalanga neMpumalanga Jalimane, kanye namazwe amane aphethe (i-United States, i-United Kingdom, iFrance, kanye neSoviet Union). Umphumela waba yiSivumelwano esithi "Two Plus Four", esavula indlela yokuhlanganiswa kabusha kwamaJalimane ngokugcwele. Ngo-Okthoba 3, 1990, ukuhlanganiswa kabusha kwamaJalimane kwafezwa ngokusemthethweni.
Ukuhlanganiswa kabusha kwakunezinselele zako. Ukuhlanganiswa komnotho kanye nomphakathi kwabiza kakhulu; umehluko kwezenhlalakahle kanye namathuba emisebenzi phakathi kweMpumalanga neNtshonalanga waqhubeka. Kodwa-ke, ngokwendawo yezepolitiki, ukuhlanganiswa kabusha kwaphawula ushintsho oluyisisekelo: IJalimane yayisiphinde yaba yisizwe esisodwa saseYurophu, esinombono wentando yeningi kanye nomnotho wemakethe.
Ukuwa Kodonga Nokuphela KweMpi Yomshoshaphansi
UDonga lwaseBerlin luvame ukubhekwa “njengokuphela kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi,” nakuba ngokomthetho, kwakuyinqubo eyenzeka kancane kancane. Ngemva kuka-1989, imibuso yamaKhomanisi eMpumalanga Yurophu yawa ngamunye ngamunye. Ngo-1991, iSoviet Union yahlakazeka, futhi ama-republic angaphambili aseSoviet aba amazwe azimele. Isakhiwo somhlaba wonke esiguquguqukayo esasibuswa yi-US kanye neSoviet Union saphela.
Ukuwa kodonga kwaba uphawu olunamandla ngoba kwabonisa ukwehluleka kokugcina ukuhlukaniswa kwemibono ngamandla. Kwabonisa nokuthi ukunganeliseki komphakathi, ingcindezi yezomnotho, kanye noshintsho lwezepolitiki enkabeni yamandla (eMoscow) kungahlangana kube yigagasi loshintsho olungenakuvinjelwa. Ngokwesimo sobudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe, umhlaba wangena enkathini entsha: amazwe amaningi aseMpumalanga Yurophu aguqukela entandweni yeningi kanye nakwezomnotho wemakethe, futhi aqala ukusondela ezikhungweni zaseNtshonalanga njenge-European Union kanye ne-NATO—yize le nqubo nayo yabangela ukungezwani kwezepolitiki okuqhubeka nanamuhla.
I-Penutup
Ukuwa koDonga lwaseBerlin kwaba umzuzu owadlula umlando waseJalimane. Kwafanekisela ukuwa kokwahlukana kwemibono okwabumba umhlaba wangemva kuka-1945. Izenzakalo zangoNovemba 9, 1989, zabonisa ukuthi ngisho nezakhiwo ezibonakala zihlala njalo zingabhidlika lapho ukufaneleka kwezepolitiki kuncipha futhi abantu befuna ushintsho. Enkumbulweni yomhlaba wonke, uDonga lwaseBerlin lwalungesona nje isithiyo esingokoqobo, kodwa lwaluwumngcele ohlukanisa inkululeko nokulawula, ithemba nokwesaba, okwedlule nekusasa. Lapho udonga luwa, kwakungeyona iBerlin kuphela eyavuleka—kwakuyisahluko esisha emlandweni womhlaba wonke, esasiphawula ukuphela kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi.
