Uguquko LwaseFrance kanye Nomphumela Walo
I-French Revolution (1789–1799) yayingesinye sezenzakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wanamuhla. Lokhu kuphazamiseka akuzange nje kuphazamise ukuhleleka kwezepolitiki nokwezenhlalo eFrance kodwa futhi kwasakaza imibono emisha mayelana nenkululeko, ukulingana, kanye nobukhosi obudumile emhlabeni wonke. I-revolution yaphawula ukuphela kobukhosi obuphelele kanye nokuzalwa komqondo wombuso wanamuhla, owagcizelela kakhulu amalungelo ezakhamuzi. Kodwa-ke, naphezu kwemibono yayo emihle, i-French Revolution nayo yashiya ubudlova, ingxabano yangaphakathi, kanye nezinguquko ezazingahlali zibushelelezi.
Ingemuva leNguquko yaseFrance
Ngaphambi kwenguquko, iFrance yayingaphansi kwesimiso sezenhlalo esaziwa ngokuthi i-Ancien Régime. Umphakathi wawuhlukaniswe ngezigaba ezintathu (izindawo): i-First Estate kwakungabefundisi (isonto), i-Second Estate kwakungabantu abahloniphekile, kanti i-Third Estate yayihlanganisa iningi labantu—abalimi, izisebenzi zasemadolobheni, ngisho nonxiwankulu (isigaba esiphakathi esifundile kanye nabathengisi). Ukungalingani kwakusobala: izigaba ezimbili eziphezulu zazijabulela amalungelo ahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa nokwehliswa kwentela, kanti i-Third Estate yayithwele umthwalo omkhulu wezomnotho.
Inkinga yezomnotho yayiyisinye isizathu esibaluleke ngokulinganayo. IFrance yabhekana nokuntuleka kwesabelomali ngenxa yezindleko zempi, okuhlanganisa nokubandakanyeka kwayo eMpini Yeminyaka Eyisikhombisa kanye nokusekela iNguquko yaseMelika. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indlela yokuphila yobukhazikhazi yenkantolo ngaphansi kweNkosi uLouis XVI kanye neNdlovukazi uMarie Antoinette yonakalise kakhulu isithombe sobukhosi emehlweni abantu. Ukwehluleka kwezitshalo kanye nokwenyuka kwamanani esinkwa—ukudla okuyisisekelo—kwabangela intukuthelo yomphakathi.
Ngaphandle kwezici zomnotho nezenhlalo, izici zobuhlakani nazo zadlala indima ebalulekile. Imicabango yokukhanyiselwa ngabantu abanjengoVoltaire, uMontesquieu, noRousseau yagxeka amandla aphelele futhi yagcizelela ukuqonda, umthetho, kanye namalungelo abantu. Imibono yesivumelwano sezenhlalo kanye nobukhosi obudumile yaphefumulela abaningi, ikakhulukazi onxiwankulu, ukuba bafune izinguquko ohlelweni lwezepolitiki.
Inkambo Yenguquko: Ukusuka Ethembeni Kuya Esiphithiphithini
Uguquko lwaqala ukuqoqa amandla lapho iNkosi uLouis XVI ibiza i-Estates-General ngoMeyi 1789 ukuze ixazulule inkinga yezezimali. Kodwa-ke, lesi sigaba saba yindawo yokulwa kwezepolitiki. I-Third Estate yafuna uhlelo lokuvota olunobulungiswa futhi yazibiza ngokuthi yi-National Assembly. Isenzakalo esibalulekile senzeka ngoJulayi 14, 1789, lapho abantu behlasela iBastille, uphawu lobudlova bobukhosi. Ukuhlasela kweBastille kwaba uphawu loguquko futhi kwabonisa ukuthi amandla enkosi ayengasathintwa.
Esigabeni sokuqala, kwenziwa izinguquko eziningi. I-National Assembly yaqeda ubushiqela, yasusa amalungelo ezikhulu, kwathi ngo-Agasti 1789 yakhipha iSimemezelo Samalungelo Abantu kanye Nezakhamuzi. Lo mbhalo wagomela ngokuthi bonke abantu bazalwa bekhululekile futhi belingana ngamalungelo, nokuthi uhulumeni kufanele ancike entandweni yabantu.
Kodwa-ke, uguquko lwasheshe lwangena esigabeni esibucayi kakhulu. Kwavela izingxabano zangaphakathi phakathi kwabantu abalinganiselayo nabangama-radical. Lapho ubukhosi busolwa ngokuvukela umbuso futhi bezama ukubaleka (i-Varennes Affair, 1791), ukuzethemba komphakathi kwaphela. Ngo-1792, ubukhosi bagumbuqelwa phansi futhi iFrance yamenyezelwa njenge-republic. ULouis XVI wabulawa ngokunqunywa ikhanda ngoJanuwari 1793, kwalandela uMarie Antoinette ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho.
Ukubulawa kwenkosi kwavusa ukusabela okunamandla okuvela ezigodlweni zaseYurophu, besaba ukusabalala koguquko. IFrance yangena empini ngokumelene nobumbano lwamandla aseYurophu. Phakathi kwempi kanye nokwesaba kwezepolitiki, kwavela isikhathi esimnyama kakhulu: uBukhosi Bobuphekula (1793-1794), obuholwa yiKomidi Lokuphepha Komphakathi kanye nabantu abanjengoMaximilien Robespierre. Izinkulungwane zabulawa ngamacala okulwa noguquko. Imibono yoguquko yaphenduka ubudlova nokucindezelwa, okubonisa ubuthakathaka boguquko lwezepolitiki.
Ngemva kokuwa kukaRobespierre ngo-1794, isimo sazinza kancane kancane, kodwa iFrance yayisalokhu ingenalo uhlobo oluqinile lukahulumeni. Isikhathi se-Directory (1795-1799) saphawulwa yinkohlakalo nokungazinzi. Ekugcineni, ujenene osemusha ogama lakhe linguNapoleon Bonaparte wathatha amandla ngokugumbuqela umbuso ngo-1799, evala isahluko soguquko futhi engenisa inkathi entsha.
Umthelela Wasekhaya WeNguquko YaseFrance
Umthelela omkhulu weNguquko yaseFrance kwaba ushintsho oluyisisekelo esakhiweni sezombusazwe. Ubukhosi obuphelele bawa, futhi umqondo wokuthi amandla avela kubantu wamukelwa kakhulu. Nakuba iFrance yabuyela ebukhosini ezikhathini ezalandela, izisekelo zombuso wanamuhla—umthethosisekelo, iphalamende, kanye nomqondo wesakhamuzi—zase zikhona kakade.
Ngokwezenhlalo, uguquko lwaqeda ubufeudalism futhi lwanciphisa ukubusa kwezikhulu. Ukulingana ngaphambi komthetho kwaba yisimiso esiyinhloko, okungenani ngokusemthethweni. Amathuba ohulumeni abacebile anda njengoba izikhundla zikahulumeni nezempi zazinikezwa obala ngokusekelwe emandleni, kunokuba kube yifa.
Ngokomnotho, uguquko lwabangela izinguquko ekubeni ngumnikazi womhlaba. Amazwe esonto athathwa futhi athengiswa, okwadala ukusatshalaliswa okusha kobunikazi bempahla—nakuba kwakuvame ukusekela isigaba esiphakathi kunabalimi abampofu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinguquko ohlelweni lwentela kanye nokuphathwa kukahulumeni kwakuyizinyathelo ezibalulekile eziya ehhovisi lesimanje.
Uguquko lwashintsha nobudlelwano phakathi kombuso nesonto. ISonto LamaKatolika lalahlekelwa amalungelo amaningi, futhi umbuso wafuna ukulawula izikhungo zenkolo. Le nqubomgomo yabangela izingxabano ezintsha, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemakhaya lapho izinkolelo zenkolo zahlala ziqinile khona.
Umthelela Wenguquko YaseFrance Emhlabeni
Omunye wemiphumela emikhulu yeNguquko yaseFrance kwaba ukusabalala kwemibono yezepolitiki yanamuhla emhlabeni wonke: ubuzwe, ukukhululeka, ubu-republicanism, kanye namalungelo abantu. Isimiso "senkululeko, ukulingana, kanye nobuzalwane" (liberté, égalité, fraternité) saba yisiqubulo esidlula imingcele yezwe.
EYurophu, izinguquko zavusa ukwesaba kobukhosi obuphelele, kodwa futhi zaphefumulela izinhlangano zokuguqula kanye nezinye izinguquko. Igagasi lobuzwe lakhula, ikakhulukazi njengoba amabutho kaNapoleon esakaza ithonya laseFrance kulo lonke isifunda. Amazwe amaningi aqala ukungabaza ukufaneleka kobukhosi obuphelele, futhi izimfuno zomthethosisekelo zaqina kakhulu ngekhulu le-19.
ELatin America, imibono yenkululeko kanye nobukhosi obudumile yasiza ekukhuthazeni umzabalazo wokuzimela ekubusweni kobukoloni. Abaholi abanjengoSimón Bolívar noJosé de San Martín babephila emhlabeni wonke othonywe yizinguquko ezinkulu, okuhlanganisa neNguquko YaseFrance. Nakuba izimo zahlukahluka kuye ngesifunda, iNguquko YaseFrance yabonisa ikhono lamandla amisiwe lokugumbuqela izinhlangano ezidumile.
Omunye umthelela kwaba ukuguqulwa kwezomthetho. Ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaNapoleon, kwadalwa iKhodi kaNapoleon, eyayiqinisekisa ukulingana phambi komthetho futhi ivikela amalungelo empahla. Le khodi yathonya izinhlelo zomthetho emazweni amaningi kulo lonke elaseYurophu nasemhlabeni, kufaka phakathi izindawo ezazingaphansi kwethonya laseFrance.
Nokho, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi iNguquko yaseFrance nayo yabonisa uhlangothi olumnyama loshintsho lwezenhlalo nezepolitiki. Ubudlova bezepolitiki, inkulumo-ze, kanye nokuhlukana kwanikeza izifundo ezibalulekile zokuthi izinguquko zingadala ukucindezelwa okusha uma zilahlekelwa ukulawulwa kwezikhungo kanye nokuziphatha. Ohulumeni abaningi abalandela—bobabili ababusa ngentando yeningi kanye nababusa ngobudlova—bafunda empumelelweni nasekuhlulekeni kwenguquko.
Isiphetho
I-French Revolution yaba yinguquko enkulu emlandweni wesintu. Yabhubhisa uhlelo lwe-feudal kanye nobukhosi obuphelele, yangenisa umqondo wokuba yisakhamuzi kanye namalungelo abantu, futhi yavusa inhlansi yoshintsho emhlabeni wonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le nguquko yabonisa nokuthi isiphithiphithi, ubushiqela, kanye nobudlova kungavela kanjani lapho umphakathi udlula ezinguqukweni ezinkulu. Naphezu kobunzima bayo, i-French Revolution isabalulekile ekufundweni ngoba ibonisa umzabalazo waphakade phakathi kwamandla, ubulungiswa, kanye nesifiso sabantu sokuzibusa.
