Amaqhinga Empi KaNapoleon Bonaparte
UNapoleon Bonaparte ungomunye wabantu abanamandla kakhulu kwezempi emlandweni wanamuhla. Waziwa hhayi nje ngesifiso sakhe sokwakha umbuso kodwa futhi nangekhono lakhe lokuguqula indlela izimpi ezazilwiwa ngayo eYurophu. Amaqhinga akhe nezindlela zakhe zokusebenza zenza iButho laseFrance lasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 laba amandla asebenza kahle kakhulu, asheshayo, futhi aguquguqukayo. Impumelelo kaNapoleon yayingeyona nje imiphumela yenhlanhla noma izinombolo nje, kodwa kunalokho yayiwukuhlanganiswa kokuhlela, izinto zokuhamba, ukuhlola, ubuholi, kanye nekhono lokufunda indawo kanye ne-psychology yesitha. Lesi sihloko sihlola amaqhinga empi kaNapoleon ngendlela ehlelekile, kusukela ezimisweni ezijwayelekile kuya ekusetshenzisweni kwawo empini.
1. Isivinini kanye Nobuqili: “Hamba Ngokushesha Kunesitha”
Esinye sezici ezivelele kakhulu zamaqhinga kaNapoleon kwakuwukugcizelela kwakhe isivinini. Waqaphela ukuthi empini, uhlangothi olwalungagxila ngokushesha ezindaweni ezibalulekile lwaluyoba nenzuzo enkulu. UNapoleon wayethembele ekunyakazeni okusheshayo kwamasosha ezweni elinokunyakaza okunokuziphatha okuhle. Wayevame ukuphoqa amabutho akhe ukuba enze ukuhamba okude ngesikhathi esifushane, kuyilapho egcina ukuhleleka kanye nomoya omuhle.
Lo mqondo wavumela uNapoleon ukuba ahlasele izitha zakhe ngaphambi kokuba zibe nesikhathi sokuqinisa amabutho azo noma ukulungiselela ukuzivikela okuqinile. Isivinini sasiphinde sanikeza ithuba elihle: wayengakhetha ukuthi izimpi zizokwenzeka nini futhi kuphi, ephoqa abaphikisi bakhe ukuba basabele kunokuhlela ngokukhululeka.
2. Uhlelo Lomzimba: Ukuzivumelanisa Nezimo Ngezinga Elikhulu
UNapoleon wathuthukisa ukusetshenziswa “kwamaqembu” (corps d'armée), iyunithi enkulu eyayihlanganisa amasosha ahamba ngezinyawo, amahhashi, izikhali, kanye nokusekelwa kwempahla ngaphansi komyalo owodwa. Iqembu ngalinye lalikwazi ukulwa lodwa isikhathi esithile, kodwa futhi lalikwazi ukugxila ngokushesha lapho kudingeka impi enkulu.
Inzuzo yalolu hlelo kwakuwukuguquguquka kwalo. UNapoleon wayengasabalalisa amabutho akhe endaweni ebanzi ukuze afune ukudla, avikele imizila, noma anqobe isitha, bese ebahlanganisa ngokuzumayo ukuze bahlasele ngokuzimisela. Lokhu kwakungafani nephethini yakudala, lapho amabutho ayehamba khona ngobuningi obukhulu, obuhamba kancane, futhi okunzima ukuwasebenzisa.
3. Gxila Amandla Ezingxenyeni Ezibuthakathaka (Isimiso Sokugxila)
UNapoleon wayesebenzisa isimiso "sokugxilisa amandla." Wayengahlaseli njalo kulo lonke umugqa wesitha, kodwa kunalokho wayefuna iphuzu elibuthakathaka noma elibaluleke kakhulu ukuze angene kulo. Uma lelo phuzu seliphuliwe, imiphumela yayingasakazeka kulo lonke ukwakheka kwesitha, ibangele ukwesaba, ukuhoxa okungahlelekile, noma ngisho nokubhujiswa ngokuphelele.
Le ndlela yayivame ukuhlanganiswa nobuchwepheshe "bokugcina" isitha ohlangothini olulodwa nenani elilinganiselwe lamasosha, kuyilapho ibutho eliyinhloko liqoqwa ukuze lihlasele kwenye indawo. Ngale ndlela, uNapoleon wadala ukuphakama kwendawo yize ibutho lakhe lonke lalingavamile ukuba phezulu ngaso sonke isikhathi.
4. “Isikhundla Esiphakathi”: Ukunqoba Izitha Ngokulandelana
Emikhankasweni eminingana, uNapoleon wabhekana nezinhlangano zezizwe eziningana ngasikhathi sinye. Elinye isu elidumile alisebenzisa kwakuyi-"isikhundla esiphakathi." Uma isitha sasisemaqenjini amabili ahlukene, uNapoleon wayezama ukuzibeka phakathi kwawo, bese ehlasela uhlangothi olulodwa ngamandla amakhulu ngaphambi kokuba olunye lusize. Uma isitha sokuqala sesixoshiwe, wayephenduka abhekane neqembu elilandelayo.
Leli qhinga lalidinga ukuhlola ngokucophelela, isikhathi esinembile, kanye nokuhamba okukhulu. Uma uNapoleon ephuzile, wayengase abhajwe ebhekene namabutho amabili ngesikhathi esisodwa. Kodwa-ke, uma ephumelela, kancane kancane “anganciphisa” amandla omfelandawonye.
5. Ukusetshenziswa Kwezikhali: Ukushaya Okuqhekeka Kwesakhiwo
Izikhali zempi ngesikhathi sikaNapoleon zaba ithuluzi elibalulekile. UNapoleon ngokwakhe wayeyisikhulu sezikhali zempi, futhi ukuqonda kwakhe lesi sikhali kwakujulile. Wayesebenzisa izikhali zempi hhayi nje ekudubuleni ibanga elide, kodwa njengethuluzi lokudabula imigqa yesitha ngaphambi kokuba amasosha ahamba ngezinyawo ahlasele.
Omunye umkhuba ovame ukuhlotshaniswa nesitayela sikaNapoleon kwakuwukuqhumisa izibhamu "ngebhethri elikhulu" ukuze kubhujiswe umlilo omkhulu endaweni eyodwa yesitha. Lapho ukwakheka kwesitha sekuphazamisekile, amanye amabutho aqondiswa ukuba angene. Ngamanye amazwi, izikhali zazisetshenziswa njengendawo yokuthola indlela, hhayi into yokuzihlanganisa.
6. Amahhashi Amahhashi: Phishekela, Phula, Futhi Ubhubhise
Amabutho amahhashi ngaphansi kukaNapoleon adlale indima ebalulekile, ikakhulukazi ekuhloleni, ekulandeleni, nasekusebenziseni ukunqoba. Lapho isitha sesiqalile ukuhlehla, amahhashi athunyelwa ukuxosha nokuvimbela isitha ukuthi singaphinde sihlangane. Lena yindlela uNapoleon aguqula ngayo ukunqoba kwamaqhinga kwaba okuhlelekile: hhayi nje ukuwina phansi, kodwa nokuqinisekisa ukuthi isitha asikwazi nhlobo ukuqhubeka nokulwa.
Amahhashi amahhashi ayesetshenziswa futhi ukuhlasela izinhlangothi, ukusika imigqa yokuxhumana, noma ukuphazamisa izikhali zesitha. Kodwa-ke, uNapoleon wayeqonda izingozi: amahhashi ahlasela ngaphandle kokusekelwa kwezikhali kanye nezikhali angabhujiswa ngokudubula okuqhubekayo.
7. Ukukhohlisa Nolwazi: Ukukhohlisa Isitha, Ukulawula Indawo
UNapoleon wayelubheka kakhulu ulwazi. Wayethembele kuma-scout, imibiko yendawo, kanye nenethiwekhi yokuxhumana esheshayo ngezithunywa. Ngolwazi olungcono, wayekwazi ukufunda izinhloso zomphikisi wakhe futhi enze izinqumo ezisheshayo. Lezi zinqumo ezisheshayo zaba uphawu lwendlela yakhe yokuyala.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uNapoleon wayevame ukusebenzisa ukukhohlisa: ukwenza isitha sicabange ukuthi sibuthakathaka endaweni ethile, noma ukunikeza umuzwa wokuthi siyahoxa, kuyilapho empeleni silungiselela ukugxila ekuhlaseleni okuyinhloko. Lolu hlobo lokukhohlisa lwasebenza kahle kakhulu ngenxa yedumela likaNapoleon lokwenza izitha zibe novalo futhi ziqaphele ngokweqile.
8. Ukusebenzisa Indawo kanye Nengqondo Yempi
UNapoleon wayedume ngekhono lakhe lokukhetha izinkundla zempi ezizuzisayo. Wayeqonda ukubaluleka kwamagquma, imifula, izindlela ezincane, kanye nezindawo ezazivimbela ukunyakaza kwesitha. Ezimweni ezithile, wayevumela ngamabomu isitha ukuba sihlasele indawo ebonakala ibuthakathaka, bese ephonsa ugibe ngokuhlasela okuphindiselayo ohlangothini noma ngemuva.
Ngale kwempi, uNapoleon wasebenzisa nesayensi yezengqondo. Wayevame ukufaka ukuzethemba emabuthweni akhe ngezinkulumo nezimpawu zokunqoba. Wayebheka umoya wokuzivikela wamasosha njengento ebalulekile njengezinombolo nezikhali. Wayefuna amasosha akholelwe ukuthi "azonqoba nakanjani," okwenza akwazi ukubekezelela ingcindezi enkulu.
9. Ubuthakathaka kanye nokulinganiselwa kwamaqhinga kaNapoleon
Naphezu kobuhlakani bakhe, amaqhinga kaNapoleon ayengaphumeleli ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ubuthakathaka bakhe obukhulu bembulwa lapho ebhekene namabanga amade, isimo sezulu esibi kakhulu, kanye nezinselele ezinkulu zezokuthutha—njengasekuhlaselweni kweRussia ngo-1812. Isivinini kanye nokunyakaza kwaba nzima lapho amabutho entula ukudla, amahhashi efa, futhi imigqa yokulethwa yelulwa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, abaphikisi bakaNapoleon bafunda futhi bazivumelanisa nezimo. Abanye ojenene bomfelandawonye baqala ukugwema izimpi ezinkulu uNapoleon ayezifisa, bakhetha isu lokunciphisa amandla eFrance ngempi ende. Lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho kwabonisa ukuthi ngisho namaqhinga asebenza kahle kakhulu ancike kumongo, izinsizakusebenza, kanye nekhono lesitha lokuzivumelanisa nezimo.
Isiphetho
Amasu ezempi kaNapoleon Bonaparte abeka izindinganiso ezintsha zempi: ukuhamba, ukuguquguquka ohlelweni lwezimpi, ukuqoqwa kwamandla ezindaweni eziqondile, ukusetshenziswa ngobudlova kwezikhali, kanye nokuxhashazwa kokunqoba ngamahhashi. Wahlanganisa isivinini somzimba nokucabanga okusheshayo—enza izinqumo ngaphambi kokuba isitha silungele. Nokho, ekugcineni, amasu kaNapoleon ayenemingcele yawo, ikakhulukazi lapho ebhekene nokuwa kwezinto kanye nesitha esivumelana nezimo. Noma kunjalo, ifa lakhe lobuhlakani lihlala liyisihloko sokutadisha ezikhungweni zempi namuhla, okubonisa ukubaluleka kokuqondisa, ulwazi, kanye nokuxhumanisa ekunqumeni umphumela wempi.
Uma ufisa, ngingangeza izibonelo zokusetshenziswa kwala maqhinga ezimpini ezithile ezifana ne-Austerlitz, i-Jena-Auerstedt, noma i-Wagram ukuze ngenze lesi sihloko sibe nemifanekiso ecebile yomlando.
