Umbuso wama-Umayyad kanye nokusabalala kwe-Islam
UMbuso Wama-Umayya (uBani Umayya) umelela esinye sezahluko ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wempucuko yamaSulumane. Lo mbuso wavela ngemva kokubusa kwamaKhalifa aseRashidun futhi waba uhulumeni wokuqala wamaSulumane ukuthatha isimo sobukhosi basebukhosini, obuhlanganisa indawo enkulu. Ngaphansi kwama-Umayyad, ubuSulumane bathuthuka hhayi nje njengenkolo kodwa futhi njengohlelo lwezepolitiki, lokuphatha, lwezomnotho, nolwamasiko olwaluhlanganisa amazwekazi amathathu. Indima yabo evelele kakhulu, evame ukugqanyiswa, kwakuwukukhula kwabo okuphumelelayo kwendawo kanye nokusheshisa ukusabalala kwe-Islam—ngokunqoba, izinqubomgomo zikahulumeni, kanye nokuxhumana komphakathi nemiphakathi yendawo.
Isizinda Sokusungulwa Kobukhosi Bama-Umayyad
Ubukhosi buka-Umayyad baqala ukubusa ngo-661 CE, lapho uMu'awiyah ibn Abi Sufyan eqokwa njengokhaliph ngemuva kwengxabano yangaphakathi eyaphawula ukuphela kokubusa kuka-Ali ibn Abi Talib. Isihlalo sikahulumeni sasuswa eMedina saya eDamaseku (eSiriya). Lokhu kuthutha kwakubalulekile ngoba iDamaseku yayisendaweni ehlelekile: eduze kwemizila yokuhweba yamazwe ngamazwe, inesiko lokuphatha laseByzantine, futhi kulula ukuyibusa indawo ekhulayo.
Isinqumo sokusungula uhulumeni wamakhosi sashintsha nobuso bezombusazwe zamaSulumane. Nakuba ngaphambilini ukukhethwa kwama-caliph kwakugcizelela ukuxoxisana, isikhathi sama-Umayyad sabona ukuthambekela kokuthola ifa. Lolu shintsho lwathola ukugxekwa kwamanye amaqembu, kodwa futhi lwadala izinga lokuzinza kwezepolitiki okwasiza ekukhuthazeni ukwanda nokuhlanganiswa kwesifunda.
Ukwanda Kwendawo: Kusukela Empumalanga Kuya Entshonalanga
Esinye sezici ezivelele kakhulu zesikhathi sama-Umayyad kwakuwukwanda okukhulu kwendawo. Ukubusa kwamaSulumane kwafinyelela eNyakatho Afrika, eNhlonhlweni yase-Iberia (eSpain nasePortugal), e-Asia Ephakathi, ngisho nasemingceleni yeNdiya. Lokhu kwanda kwafezwa ngemikhankaso yempi enamandla, kodwa umthelela wabo ekusakazekeni kobuSulumane wawungahlali "uphoqelela" ngokwenkolo. Ezimweni eziningi, ukunqoba kwakusho ukushintsha kwamandla ezepolitiki, kuyilapho imiphakathi yendawo yayivunyelwe ukuqhuba ukholo lwayo ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile.
Entshonalanga, ukunqotshwa kweNyakatho Afrika kwavula indlela eya e-Andalusia. Ngo-711 CE, ibutho elaliholwa nguTariq ibn Ziyad lawela iStrait of Gibraltar lanqoba ingxenye enkulu yombuso wamaVisigoth. Ukuba khona kwamaSulumane e-Andalusia kamuva kwaba ngesinye sezikhungo zokufunda nezamasiko ezihlakaniphe kakhulu emlandweni womhlaba, kamuva kwathonya iYurophu emikhakheni yesayensi, ifilosofi, imithi kanye nezakhiwo.
Empumalanga, ukwanda eKhorasan, eTransoxiana (e-Asia Ephakathi), naseSind (izingxenye zeNdiya-Pakistan) kwahlanganisa amaSulumane nemiphakathi emikhulu efana nePheresiya neNdiya. Lokhu kuxhumana kwacebisa isiko lobuhlakani bamaSulumane futhi kwakhulisa umphakathi wamaSulumane ngokushesha ngezinqubo zomphakathi eziqhubekayo.
Indlela Yokusabalala KwamaSulumane Ngesikhathi Se-Umayyad
Ukusabalala kwe-Islam ngesikhathi sama-Umayyad akuzange kuncike emandleni empi kuphela. Izindlela eziningana ezibalulekile zafaka isandla ekwandeni kokuqashelwa nokwamukelwa kwayo ezindaweni ezintsha.
1. Ukuphatha kanye Nokuzinza Kwezepolitiki
Ama-Umayyad asungula uhlelo lokuphatha oluhlelekile. Amisa ababusi ezifundazweni, asungula inethiwekhi yezikhulu, futhi agcina ukuphepha kwemizila yokuhweba. Lokhu kuzinza kwakhulisa ngokungaqondile ukuhamba kwabantu—abathengisi, izazi, amasosha, kanye nezisebenzi—abaletha nezindinganiso zama-Arabhu nezamaSulumane ezindaweni ezintsha.
2. Ukwenziwa Kwama-Arabhu Nolimi Lwama-Arabhu
Inqubomgomo eyodwa ebalulekile kwakuwukwenziwa kobu-Arabization kokuphatha. Ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaKhaliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (685–705 CE), isi-Arabhu senziwa ulimi olusemthethweni lukahulumeni, sathatha indawo yesiGreki eSiriya nasePheresiya ezindaweni ezazingaphansi kweSassanid. Le nqubomgomo yenza kwaba lula ukuxhumana kwezepolitiki futhi yaphakamisa isimo sesi-Arabhu njengolimi lolwazi, umthetho, nenkolo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abantu abaningi bendawo bafunda isi-Arabhu ngezinjongo zomnotho nezenhlalo, bavula indlela yokuqonda okujulile i-Quran nezimfundiso zamaSulumane.
3. Inqubomgomo Yezomnotho Neyemali
Ama-Umayyad aphinde aqalisa izinguquko kwezomnotho, okuhlanganisa nokwakha imali yawo yamaSulumane. Lokhu kwaqinisa ubunjalo bezepolitiki nobezomnotho bombuso wamaSulumane. Ukuqina kokuhweba kanye nokusakazwa kwemali kwasiza ekuhlanganiseni amadolobha amakhulu njengeDamaseku, iCairo, iKairouan, kanye neCordoba. Kwakukule mizila yokuhweba lapho kwenzeka khona ukuxhumana phakathi kwamasiko, futhi ubuSulumane basakazeka ngokuhweba, umshado, kanye nezinkundla zokuxhumana.
4. Ukushumayela kwe-Ulama kanye Nokuxhumana Komphakathi
Naphezu kwezintshisekelo zezombusazwe zombuso, ukushumayela kwamaSulumane kwakwenziwa kakhulu yizazi zenkolo, abahluleli, nabaholi bomphakathi abathuthela ezindaweni ezintsha. Izikhungo zasemadolobheni zaba yizikhungo zokuthuthukiswa kwama-mosque njengezikhungo zokukhulekela nezemfundo. Ukuxhumana kwansuku zonke phakathi kwabokufika abangamaSulumane kanye nezakhamuzi zendawo kwakuvame ukuba yisici esibalulekile ekuguqukeleni kwemiphakathi yendawo ebuSulumane, ikakhulukazi lapho bebona izinzuzo zomphakathi, zokuziphatha, kanye nezomphakathi ezikhuthazwa yizimfundiso zamaSulumane.
Izinselele: Ukwehluka Kobuzwe kanye Nesimo Somphakathi
Naphezu kokukhula kwayo okuphumelelayo, uBukhosi bama-Umayyad babhekana nezinselele zenhlalo nezepolitiki. Enye yalezi kwakuwukungezwani phakathi kwama-Arabhu nabangewona ama-Arabhu abaguqukele kwi-Islam (ama-mawali). Ngezinye izikhathi, ama-mawali ayebhekwa "njengesigaba sesibili" uma kuqhathaniswa namaSulumane ama-Arabhu, isibonelo, ekufinyeleleni izikhundla ezithile noma izinqubomgomo zentela ezindaweni ezithile. Lokhu kunganeliseki kwagcina kubuthakathaka ama-Umayyad futhi kwavula indlela yenhlangano ephikisayo eholwa ama-Abbasid.
Noma kunjalo, inqubo yokuguqulwa kwenkolo yamaSulumane yaqhubeka. Ezifundeni eziningi, ukuguqulwa kwabantu bendawo babe yinkolo yamaSulumane kwenzeka kancane kancane hhayi ngasikhathi sinye. Kwezinye izifunda, kwakushesha ngenxa yokuhweba kanye nokusondelana kwamasiko, kanti kwezinye, kwathatha izizukulwane eziningana ngenxa yezici ezifana nolimi, amasiko, kanye nezakhiwo zomphakathi zendawo.
Ifa Lamasiko kanye Nempucuko
Ama-Umayyad ashiye ifa elinamandla lempucuko. Ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo, akha imisebenzi emikhulu njengeDome of the Rock eJerusalema kanye ne-Umayyad Mosque eDamaseku. Lezi zakhiwo azibonisanga nje kuphela intuthuko kwezobuciko nobunjiniyela kodwa futhi zazifanekisela ukuba khona kwe-Islam esifundeni esasibuswa ngamanye amandla amakhulu ngaphambili.
E-Andalusia, isiko lama-Umayyad laqhubeka ngisho nangemva kokuwa kukahulumeni ophakathi eDamaseku. Ukuqhubeka kobuSulumane eSpain emakhulwini eminyaka kubonisa ukuthi ukusabalala kwabo akuzange kuphele lapho kunqotshwa okokuqala. UbuSulumane bathuthuka baba ubuwena obujulile bezenhlalo namasiko, okwadala umphakathi onamasiko amaningi owahlanganisa izici zama-Arabhu, amaBerber, amaRoma, kanye nezendawo.
Isiphetho
UMbuso wama-Umayyad wadlala indima ebalulekile ekusabalaleni kwe-Islam emhlabeni wonke. Ngokukhula kwendawo, ukusungulwa kokuphatha okuphumelelayo, ukwenziwa kwama-Arabhu, ukuqinisa umnotho, kanye nokuguquguquka komphakathi okuyinkimbinkimbi, i-Islam yavela emphakathini ose-Arabian Peninsula yaya empucukweni enqamula amazwekazi. Naphezu kokugxekwa kanye nokungqubuzana kwangaphakathi, ama-Umayyad aphumelela ekubekeni izisekelo zezepolitiki nezamasiko ezathonya umlando wamaSulumane owalandela. Ukusabalala kwe-Islam phakathi nalesi sikhathi kwakungewona nje umphumela wokunqoba, kodwa futhi nomphumela wokuxhumana komphakathi kancane kancane, amanethiwekhi ezohwebo, kanye nokuguqulwa kwamasiko—okwenza kube esinye sezikhathi ezichaza kakhulu emlandweni womhlaba.
