Ukubaluleka Kwesimemezelo Sokuzimela SaseMelika
Isimemezelo Sokuzimela sase-United States, esamenyezelwa ngoJulayi 4, 1776, singenye yezincwadi zezombusazwe ezinethonya elikhulu emlandweni wanamuhla. Sasingaphezu nje kwesimemezelo sokuhlukaniswa kwamakoloni ayi-13 neBrithani, kodwa kunalokho sasiyisitatimende sezimiso eziphathelene namalungelo abantu ayisisekelo, imithombo yokuba semthethweni kukahulumeni, kanye nemingcele yamandla kahulumeni. Ukubaluleka kweSimemezelo Sokuzimela saseMelika kungabonakala emthonjeni waso ekuzalweni kwesizwe esisha, ekuthuthukisweni kwemibono yentando yeningi, kanye nethonya laso ngale kweMelika, okuphefumulela inkululeko kanye nezinhlangano zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni jikelele.
Isizinda somlando kanye nomongo
Maphakathi nekhulu le-18, ubudlelwano phakathi kwamakoloni aseBrithani eNyakatho Melika nohulumeni waseBrithani baba nzima kakhulu. Ngemva kweMpi Yeminyaka Eyisikhombisa, iBrithani yayisithwale umthwalo omkhulu wezikweletu futhi yaqala ukukhulisa intela futhi yasebenzisa izindlela ezahlukene zomnotho ukuze ikhokhele izindleko zempi. Izinyathelo ezifana noMthetho Wezitembu (1765), iMithetho YaseTownshend (1767), kanye noMthetho Wetiye (1773) zavusa intukuthelo, njengoba amakoloni ayenomuzwa wokuthi ayekhokhiswa intela ngaphandle kokumelwa kwezepolitiki ePhalamende laseBrithani—isikhalazo esaziwa ngokuthi isiqubulo esithi “akukho ntela ngaphandle kokumelwa.”
Ukungezwani kwanda kwaba yingxabano evulekile ngo-1775, lapho kuqubuka izimpi zaseLexington naseConcord, okwaphawula ukuqala kweNguquko yaseMelika. Ngalesi sikhathi, abanye abaholi bokuqala bamakoloni babesanethemba lokubuyisana. Kodwa-ke, ukukholelwa ukuthi ukuhlukana kwakungenakugwenywa kwaqina. Isimemezelo Sokuzimela sazalwa njengempendulo yezepolitiki: amakoloni ayengafuni nje ukuzimela kodwa futhi achazela umhlaba ngezizathu zokuziphatha nezefilosofi ngemuva kwesinqumo sawo.
Izisekelo zemibono: amalungelo emvelo kanye nobukhosi obudumile
Esinye sezizathu eziyinhloko zokuthi iSimemezelo Sokuzimela sibhekwe njengesibalulekile ukuthi sakha izimiso zezombusazwe ezibanzi nezomhlaba wonke. Esigabeni saso sokuqala esidumile, lo mbhalo uthi “bonke abantu badalwa belingana” futhi banikwe “amalungelo athile angenakuphikiswa,” okuhlanganisa “ukuphila, inkululeko, kanye nokuphishekela injabulo.” Lo mbono wathonywa kakhulu umcabango wokuKhanyiselwa, ikakhulukazi uJohn Locke, owagcizelela amalungelo emvelo kanye nesivumelwano senhlalo: uhulumeni ukhona ukuvikela amalungelo ezakhamuzi zawo, futhi uma wehluleka, abantu banelungelo lokuwulungisa noma ukuwushintsha.
Ngakho-ke, lesi Simemezelo asizange siqede nje ubuhlobo neBrithani kodwa futhi sachaza uhulumeni osemthethweni: uhulumeni uthola amandla awo ngemvume yabantu. Lo mbono wawungumqondo oguqukayo wesikhathi sawo, uphonsela inselelo ukufaneleka kobukhosi kanye nomqondo "welungelo laphezulu lamakhosi." Ngokubeka abantu njengomthombo wobukhosi, lesi Simemezelo saba ngomunye wemibhalo eyisisekelo eyasiza ekwakheni isiko lentando yeningi lanamuhla.
Ukufaneleka kwezepolitiki kokuzimela
Ku-Revolution yaseMelika, impi neBrithani yayingadingi nje kuphela izikhali namasu, kodwa futhi yayidinga ukufaneleka—emehlweni abantu ngokwabo kanye nezinye izizwe. Isimemezelo Sokuzimela sasebenza njengombhalo ohlanganisa imigomo yezepolitiki yamakoloni, sinikeza indaba esemthethweni yokuthi kungani ukuzimela kwakudingeka. Lo mbhalo wachaza uhlu lwezikhalazo ngeNkosi uGeorge III, uchaza iphethini “yokusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla” okwakubhekwa njengokuthethelela ukuhlukana.
Lolu hlu lwezikhalazo lubalulekile ngoba lubonisa ukuthi ukuzimela kwakungeyona isenzo sokuxhamazela, kodwa kunalokho kwakuyisinqumo esicatshangelwayo ekuphenduleni ukungabi nabulungisa okuhleliwe. Sisebenzisa ulimi lwezomthetho nolokuziphatha, iSimemezelo sagomela ukuthi amakoloni ayesebenza ngezizathu ezizwakalayo. Lokhu kwaqinisa ukwesekwa kwangaphakathi, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwamaqembu ayengabaza ngaphambili, kuyilapho futhi kunikeza uhlaka lwempikiswano umphakathi kabanzi ongaluqonda.
Ubudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokusekelwa kwamanye amazwe
Lesi Simemezelo sadlala indima ebalulekile kwezobunhloli. Ukuze banqobe impi, amakoloni ayedinga usizo oluvela kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu, njengeFrance neSpain, ayenombango womlando neBrithani. Kodwa-ke, la mazwe ayengeke asekele kalula ukuvukela ngaphandle kokucaca ukuthi amakoloni ayebumba inhlangano entsha yezepolitiki.
Ngokuzibiza ngokuthi “izizwe ezizimele nezizimele,” abaholi bamakoloni baqinisekisa ilungelo labo lokwakha izivumelwano, ukuhweba, nokuzibandakanya ebuhlotsheni bamazwe ngamazwe. Lesi Simemezelo sathumela isibonakaliso esinamandla emhlabeni wonke sokuthi iMelika yayingeyona nje ukuvukela kwendawo, kodwa yayiwumsebenzi wokwakha isizwe. Ukusekelwa kweFrance okwalandela—ikakhulukazi ngemva kuka-1778—kwakuyisici esikhulu ekunqobeni kweMelika. Kulesi simo, lesi Simemezelo sasiyisinyathelo esibalulekile ekuvuleni indlela yokuqashelwa kwamazwe ngamazwe.
Ithonya kumthethosisekelo waseMelika kanye namasiko ezepolitiki
Nakuba iSimemezelo Sokuzimela singewona umthethosisekelo futhi singachazi isakhiwo sikahulumeni, sasiza ekusunguleni izindinganiso eziyinhloko ezathonya kamuva ukudalwa koMthethosisekelo wase-United States (1787) kanye noMthethosivivinywa Wamalungelo (1791). Imibono yamalungelo, inkululeko, kanye nohulumeni ngokusekelwe ekuvumelaneni kwabantu yaba yingxenye "yolimi lwezepolitiki" lwaseMelika futhi iyaqhubeka nokuphila engxoxweni yomphakathi.
Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika owalandela, lesi Simemezelo sivame ukusetshenziswa njengesiqondiso sokuziphatha kwezidingo zamalungelo anwetshiwe kanye nokulingana. Kusukela kubantu abalwa nobugqila bekhulu le-19 kuya kwabalweli bamalungelo omphakathi bekhulu lama-20, ngisho nenhlangano yanamuhla yamalungelo omphakathi, inkulumo ethi "bonke abantu badalwa belingana" ivame ukucashunwa njengesiqondiso sokuziphatha. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ukubaluleka kwalesi Simemezelo akuphelanga ngo-1776 kodwa kuyaqhubeka nokusebenza njengendinganiso efanele ephonsela inselelo imikhuba yezenhlalo neyezepolitiki ukuthi ibe nobulungiswa kakhudlwana.
Ukuphikisana nokugxekwa: ukulingana okungalingani
Nakuba lesi Simemezelo sasiqukethe izimiso zomhlaba wonke, iqiniso laleso sikhathi lalingafani nhlobo. Ubugqila baqhubeka, amalungelo abesifazane kwezombusazwe ayenqatshwa, kanti abomdabu baseMelika babhekana nokuphucwa komhlaba kanye nobudlova. Lokhu kuphikisana kuye kwaphakamisa ukugxekwa: umbhalo omemezela ukulingana ungakhishwa kanjani umphakathi osalondoloza izinhlelo zokucindezelwa?
Kodwa nansi enye isici esibalulekile: iSimemezelo sasungula indinganiso yokuziphatha engasetshenziswa ukugxeka nokulungisa ukungabi nabulungisa. Izinhlangano eziningi zokuguqula emlandweni waseMelika zasebenzisa izimiso zeSimemezelo ukufuna ushintsho. Ngamanye amazwi, naphezu kokusetshenziswa kwaso okungaphelele, lo mbhalo unikeze ulimi kanye nokufaneleka kokuziphatha ukuze kuqhutshekwe nentuthuko.
Ugqozi lomhlaba: uphawu lomhlaba wonke lweSimemezelo
Ithonya leSimemezelo Sokuzimela SaseMelika ladlula imingcele yezizwe. Laphefumulela iNguquko YaseFrance (1789) kanye nezinhlangano ezahlukahlukene zenkululeko eYurophu naseLatin America. Izimiso zobukhosi obudumile kanye namalungelo emvelo zaba yingxenye yomsinga obanzi wemicabango yezepolitiki yomhlaba wonke. Ekhulwini le-19 nelama-20, izimemezelo eziningi zokuzimela kanye nemibhalo yomthethosisekelo emazweni ahlukahlukene zaziphinda imibono efanayo: uhulumeni kufanele akhonze abantu, futhi abantu kufanele babe nezwi esiphethweni sabo.
Esimweni sanamuhla, lesi Simemezelo saba negalelo ekuguqukeni komqondo wamalungelo abantu. Nakuba igama elithi “amalungelo abantu” lalingasetshenziswa ngo-1776, umoya walo—amalungelo abantu angokwemvelo—wasiza ekwakheni isisekelo sokuziphatha semibhalo yamazwe ngamazwe njengeSimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu (1948). Ngakho-ke, lesi Simemezelo saba yindawo ebalulekile yokuqala ohambweni olude oluya ekuhlonishweni okubanzi kwesithunzi somuntu.
Isiphetho
Ukubaluleka kweSimemezelo Sokuzimela SaseMelika kusendimeni yaso njengombhalo owashintsha inkambo yomlando. Saqinisekisa ukuzalwa kwesizwe esisha, sakha izimiso zamalungelo emvelo kanye nobukhosi obudumile, futhi savula indlela yokusekelwa kwamazwe ngamazwe emzabalazweni wokuzimela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi Simemezelo sakha isiko lezombusazwe laseMelika futhi sanikeza indinganiso yokuziphatha eqhubeka isetshenziswa ekulweni kokulingana nobulungiswa. Nakuba sazalelwa esimweni esigcwele ukuphikisana, amandla alesi Simemezelo avela emibonweni yaso yonke, edlula isikhathi futhi iphefumulele umhlaba. Ngale dokhumenti, ukuzimela akuqondwa nje kuphela njengenkululeko ebukolonini kodwa futhi nokuzibophezela emalungelweni, enkululekweni, nakuhulumeni ophendula kubantu.
