Impi YaseKorea Nomphumela Wayo Ebudlelwaneni Bamazwe Ngamazwe
IMpi YaseKorea (1950-1953) yayingenye yezingxabano ezichaza kakhulu zesikhathi sokuqala kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi. Nakuba ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi “impi ekhohliwe” ngenxa yokungadumile kwayo njengeMpi YaseVietnam noma iNgxaki Yeziqhumane ZaseCuba, umthelela wayo ebuhlotsheni bamazwe ngamazwe wawujulile futhi usaqhubeka nanamuhla. Kwakungeyona nje impi yombango ePeninsula yaseKorea, kodwa kwakuwukungqubuzana kwezintshisekelo phakathi kwamandla amakhulu—i-United States, iSoviet Union, neShayina—okwakha iphethini yobumbano, isu lezempi, kanye nokwakheka kokuphepha komhlaba wonke kwenkathi yangemva kweMpi Yezwe II.
Ingemuva: I-Peninsula yaseKorea Ihlukene Phakathi
Ngemva kokuzinikela kweJapan ngo-1945, iKorea, eyayingaphansi kombuso wamaJapane, yahlukaniswa okwesikhashana eceleni kwe-38th parallel. ISoviet Union yayilawula isifunda esisenyakatho kanti i-United States yayilawula isifunda esiseningizimu. Amacebo okuqala kahulumeni waseKorea ohlangene ahluleka ngenxa yokungezwani okukhulu phakathi kwezizwe zaseNtshonalanga kanye namaKhomanisi. Ekugcineni kwasungulwa amazwe amabili ngo-1948: iRiphabhulikhi yaseKorea (iNingizimu Korea) ngaphansi kukaSyngman Rhee kanye neDemocratic People's Republic of Korea (iNyakatho Korea) ngaphansi kukaKim Il-sung.
Lokhu kuhlukana kwezepolitiki kwadala isimo esibuthakathaka kakhulu. Bobabili abaholi bathi basemthethweni kulo lonke iNhlonhlo yaseKorea, futhi umngcele waba yindawo yezingxabano ezincane ezihlomile. Phakathi neMpi Yomshoshaphansi, iKorea yaba umugqa ophambili womzabalazo wethonya lomhlaba wonke.
Indlela Yempi: Ingxabano Yendawo Iba Yimpi Yomhlaba Wonke
NgoJuni 25, 1950, iNyakatho Korea yaqala ukuhlasela okukhulu iNingizimu Korea. Ngesikhashana nje, amabutho aseNingizimu Korea aphindiselwa emuva esifundeni sasePusan. I-United States, ibheka ukuhlasela njengokwanda kobukhomanisi, yanxusa ukuba kuphendulwe ngokushesha yiZizwe Ezihlangene (i-UN). UMkhandlu Wezokuphepha we-UN wadlulisa isinqumo sokulahla ubudlova baseNyakatho Korea nokusekela ukwakhiwa kwebutho lamazwe ngamazwe ngaphansi komyalo we-US.
Isinqumo se-UN savela ngoba iSoviet Union yayingavumi imihlangano ye-Security Council, iyivimbela ekusebenziseni amandla ayo okuvimbela. Ngenxa yalokho, iMpi yaseKorea yaba esinye sezibonelo ezibaluleke kakhulu zokungenelela kwezempi ngaphansi kwegunya le-UN.
Lapho amabutho e-UN ephumelela ekuqhubeni ukufika kwe-Incheon futhi esunduza iNyakatho Korea emuva emngceleni waseShayina, iShayina yangena empini ngasekupheleni kuka-1950 ne-"People's Volunteer Army." Lokhu kungenelela kwashintsha ukuguquguquka kwempi futhi kwasunduza impi yaze yaba sezingeni eliphakathi eduze kwe-38th Parallel Line. Impi yaphela ngokumiswa kwempi ngoJulayi 27, 1953, hhayi isivumelwano sokuthula, ngakho amaKorea amabili asalwa kuze kube namuhla.
Umthelela Ebudlelwaneni Namazwe Ngamazwe
1. Ukuhlanganiswa Kwama-Cold War Blocks kanye Nezombusazwe Zobumbano
Impi yaseKorea yasheshisa ukwakhiwa nokuqina kwezinhlangano zempi ezindaweni eziningi. Ku-United States kanye nabalingani bayo, impi yaqinisa inkolelo yokuthi ukulawulwa kobukhomanisi kumele kuqhutshwe ngenkuthalo, kufaka phakathi ngamandla empi. EYurophu, i-NATO (eyasungulwa ngo-1949) yathola ukuqiniswa kobulungiswa kanye nokuzibophezela okukhulu kwezokuvikela ngemuva kokuqaphela ukuthi impi enkulu yezikhali ingaqubuka nganoma yisiphi isikhathi.
E-Asia, impi yashukumisela i-United States ukuba iqinise inethiwekhi yezivumelwano zokuphepha ezazizoba umgogodla wesu layo lezepolitiki. Ubudlelwano bezokuvikela base-US neJapane bajula, iTaiwan yathola ukunakwa okukhulu, futhi ukubambisana kwezokuphepha namanye amazwe ase-Asia kwachuma. Impi yaseKorea yabonisa ukuthi i-Asia kwakungeyona indawo engaphandle, kodwa yayiyindawo yokuncintisana komhlaba wonke.
2. Ukuguqulwa Kwendima Ye-UN Ekuphepheni Okuhlangene
Impi yaseKorea yayiyisivivinyo sokuqala sangempela somqondo wokuphepha kwe-UN. Nakuba ukusebenza kwezempi kwakuholwa yi-United States, ukufaneleka kwe-UN kwabeka isibonelo sokuthi izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke zingakhuthaza isenzo se-UN ngokubambisana lapho zibhekene nobudlova. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okuhlangenwe nakho kwaseKorea kwabonisa nokulinganiselwa kwe-UN: izinqumo zayo zathonywa kakhulu yi-Security Council kanye nemincintiswano yamandla amakhulu.
Ngemva kokuvuselelwa kweSoviet Union kanye nokusetshenziswa okwandisiwe kwe-veto, ikhono le-UN lokuthatha isinyathelo esifanayo ezingxabanweni ezinkulu laba nzima kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, isibonelo saseKorea sisabalulekile emlandweni womthetho wamazwe omhlaba kanye nezokuxhumana, ikakhulukazi maqondana negunya lokungenelela kanye nomqondo wobudlova obuwela imingcele.
3. Ukwanda Kwezempi Nomjaho Wezikhali
Impi yaseKorea yashintsha izinto eziza kuqala kunqubomgomo yokuvikela yamazwe amakhulu. I-United States yandisa kakhulu isabelomali sayo sezempi futhi yandisa amandla amabutho ayo avamile. Impi yaqinisekisa abenzi benqubomgomo abaningi ukuthi usongo kwakungeyona nje impi yenuzi, kodwa futhi nempi evamile yesifunda engakhula ibe yimpi yomhlaba wonke.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, iMpi yaseKorea yaqinisa umncintiswano wezikhali weMpi Yomshoshaphansi. Nakuba izikhali zenuzi zingasetshenziswanga, usongo lokukhula kwezikhali zenuzi lwaba yingxenye yezibalo zamasu. Imibono yokuvimbela, imfundiso yokusetshenziswa okulinganiselwe, kanye nesu lempi "elinganiselwe" kwaba yinto evelele kakhulu ngemva kokuhlangenwe nakho kwaseKorea.
4. Ukuvela kweShayina njengoMdlali Omkhulu Kwezepolitiki Zomhlaba Wonke
Ukungenelela kweShayina eMpini yaseKorea kwaphawula ukuvela kwayo njengamandla esifunda okufanele abhekwe. Naphezu kokubhekana nokulahlekelwa okukhulu, iShayina yabonisa ikhono layo lokusebenzisa amandla ngezinga elikhulu futhi ithonye umphumela wempi. Lokhu kwashintsha imibono yamazwe ngamazwe ngeRiphabhulikhi Yabantu YaseShayina (i-PRC) eyayisanda kusungulwa ngo-1949.
Imiphumela nayo yaba ngeyobunhloli: Ubudlelwano beShayina ne-United States bawohloka kakhulu futhi baqhubeka amashumi eminyaka. Ukuhlukaniswa kweShayina ngezobunhloli ezinkundleni eziningi zamazwe ngamazwe kwaqina, kanti ubudlelwano beBeijing neMoscow baba nesigaba sokubambisana okunesu ngaphambi kokuba buwohloke ngasekupheleni kwawo-1950 nawo-1960.
5. Ukwakheka Okuhlala Njalo “Kwezindawo Ezishisayo” Zezombusazwe EMpumalanga Asia
Ukumiswa kwezikhali ngo-1953 kwakha iKorean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), enye yemingcele ehlome kakhulu ngezempi emhlabeni. INorth Korea yathuthuka yaba umbuso ohlome kakhulu ngezempi futhi ozimele, kuyilapho iNingizimu Korea—ngokusekelwa kwezomnotho nokuvikeleka okuvela e-United States—yaguquka yaba yisizwe esinezimboni nentando yeningi, yize kwaba uhambo olude lwezepolitiki.
Ukungezwani eNhlonhlweni yaseKorea kuyaqhubeka nokuba nomthelela ebudlelwaneni bamazwe ngamazwe: Uhlelo lwenuzi lwaseNyakatho Korea, ukuhlolwa kwezikhali ezicitshwayo, izijeziso zamazwe ngamazwe, kanye nezingxoxo zamazwe ngamazwe kuyizinkinga eziphindaphindayo. Ngamanye amazwi, iMpi yaseKorea “ayikapheli” ngempela, kodwa kunalokho ingxabano eqandisiwe engase ibangele izinkinga zesifunda nezomhlaba wonke.
6. Umthelela Ekuqedeni Ukuqothulwa Kwamakoloni kanye Nezinye Izingxabano Zesifunda
Impi yaseKorea nayo yathonya indlela amazwe amakhulu asabela ngayo ezimpini emazweni asathuthuka. Izingxabano eziningi zokuqedwa kobukoloni kanye nezimpi zombango zango-1950-1970 zahunyushwa ngeso leMpi Yomshoshaphansi: ukuthi inhlangano yayibhekwa njengesekela iNtshonalanga noma isekela amaKhomanisi. Leli phethini lalibonakala e-Indochina/Vietnam, eMpumalanga Ephakathi, nase-Afrika. Impi yaseKorea iyisibonelo sendlela izingxabano zasendaweni ezingaphenduka ngayo zibe izimpi ezinkulu lapho amazwe amakhulu engenelela.
Isiphetho
Impi yaseKorea yaba yinguquko ebalulekile emlandweni wobudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe. Yacacisa ukuhlukaniswa komhlaba waba yizimbumba ezimbili, yabangela ukwakheka kwezinhlangano zempi, yahlola izindlela zokuphepha ezihlangene ze-UN, yakhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa kwezempi kanye nomjaho wezikhali, futhi yabeka iMpumalanga Asia njengesifunda esibalulekile samasu. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, ifa lempi lisabonakala ngenxa yokungezwani okuqhubekayo ePeninsula yaseKorea kanye nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezombusazwe esifundeni. Ukuqonda iMpi yaseKorea ukuqonda izimpande zezinkinga eziningi zokuphepha zomhlaba wonke zanamuhla—kusukela embangweni wamandla amakhulu kuya ekusongelweni kokwanda kwezikhali zenuzi—eziqhubeka nokubumba umhlaba namuhla.
