Abantu Abakhulu Emlandweni WaseShayina
Umlando waseShayina ungomunye wemiphakathi ende kakhulu nenethonya kakhulu emhlabeni. Eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane, amakhosi aphakama futhi awela, kwalwiwa izimpi ezinkulu, isayensi yachuma, futhi kwazalwa imibono emisha eyabumba iMpumalanga Asia kuze kube sesikhathini sanamuhla. Ngemuva kwalezi zinguquko ezinkulu kwakukhona abantu ababalulekile—abaholi bezombusazwe, izazi zefilosofi, abanqobi, abaguquli bezinguquko, kanye nabavukeli—abanomthelela osabonakala nanamuhla. Lesi sihloko sihlola abanye babantu ababalulekile emlandweni waseShayina abavelele ngethonya labo ezweni, emasikweni nasemphakathini.
1. UConfucius (551–479 BC): Umakhi Wezimiso Zokuziphatha Komphakathi
UConfucius (Kongzi) ungomunye wezazi zefilosofi ezinethonya elikhulu emlandweni womhlaba. Izimfundiso zakhe zazigcizelela ukuziphatha komuntu siqu, umthwalo wemfanelo emphakathini, ukuzinikela kubazali, kanye nokubaluleka kokuhleleka komphakathi okuvumelanayo. Ngokombono kaConfucius, umbuso omuhle awusekelwa nje kuphela yimithetho enzima, kodwa futhi nangabaholi abaphucuzekile kanye nezakhamuzi ezinesimilo esihle.
Nakuba uConfucius wayengabhekwa njengomuntu ophumelelayo kwezombusazwe ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, imibono yakhe kamuva yaba yisisekelo sesimiso semfundo saseShayina kanye ne-bureaucracy. Emakhulwini eminyaka ngemva kokufa kwakhe, ubuConfucian baba yisiqondiso esiyinhloko sokuphathwa kwemindeni emikhulu, ikakhulukazi ekukhethweni kwezikhulu ngokusebenzisa izivivinyo zikahulumeni.
2. U-Qin Shi Huang (259–210 BC): Umdidiyeli Wokuqala waseShayina
UQin Shi Huang wayengumbusi wokuqala ukuhlanganisa izindawo ezazihlakazekile ngaphambili zaba umbuso waseShayina ohlangene. Ngaphambi kokubusa kwakhe, iShayina yayinezifundazwe ezincane, ezilwayo ngesikhathi seMibuso Elwayo. Ngecebo eliqinile lezempi kanye nokuphatha, uQin Shi Huang wabeka izisekelo zombuso waseShayina.
Wasebenzisa ukulinganisa okubanzi: izinhlelo zokulinganisa, imali, ukubhala, ngisho nobubanzi bama-axle enqola. Le nqubomgomo yenza kwaba lula ukuhlanganiswa kwezomnotho nohulumeni. Kodwa-ke, ukubusa kwakhe kwakwaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi kulukhuni: ukushiswa kwezincwadi kanye nokucindezela kwengqondo kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi uhlangothi olumnyama lwesikhathi sikaQin. Nakuba ubukhosi bukaQin bungazange buhlale isikhathi eside, ifa likaQin Shi Huang "njengomakhi wesifundazwe" libalulekile emlandweni waseShayina.
3. U-Han Wudi (156–87 BC): Ukunwetshwa kanye Nokuhlanganiswa Kobukhosi bakwa-Han
UMbusi uWu waseHan (uHan Wudi) wayengomunye wababusi abanethonya kakhulu bobukhosi bukaHan. Wandisa umbuso, waqinisa ukubuswa kukahulumeni, futhi wakhuthaza ubuConfucian njengombono osemthethweni wombuso. Ngaphansi kwakhe, iShayina yandisa ithonya layo e-Asia Ephakathi, kamuva eyadlala indima enkulu ekwakhiweni koMgwaqo iSilika—umzila wokuhweba kanye nokushintshana ngamasiko okwaxhumanisa iShayina neNtshonalanga.
Nakuba izinqubomgomo zayo zokwandisa zazibiza kakhulu, zakhuthaza nokuthuthukiswa kwezokuxhumana kanye nokuhwebelana kwamazwe ngamazwe. Isikhathi sikaHan Wudi sivame ukubhekwa njengesiqongo samandla obukhosi bukaHan kanye nesikhathi esichazayo ekuzibonakaliseni kobukhosi baseShayina.
4. USima Qian (145–86 BC): Ubaba Womlando WaseShayina
Njengoba nje izizwe zidinga abaholi ukuze zichume, nemiphakathi idinga nababhali bezincwadi ukuze bakhumbule. USima Qian wayengusomlando omkhulu owabhala iShiji (Amarekhodi Omlando Omkhulu), umsebenzi omkhulu owaba yisisekelo semilando eyalandela yamakhosi aseShayina. Akagcinanga nje ngokubhala izenzakalo kodwa wabhala nemibhalo yokuphila kwabantu, exoxa ngezomnotho, isiko kanye nesakhiwo senhlalo.
USima Qian wayaziwa ngokuqina kwakhe nobuqotho bakhe. Wajeziswa kanzima ngokuvikela ujenene owayebhekwa njengohlulekile, kodwa wakhetha ukusinda ukuze aqedele umsebenzi wakhe womlando. Lokhu kuqina kwenza uSima Qian waba uphawu lokuzibophezela olwazini naseqinisweni lomlando.
5. UTang Taizong (598–649): UMbusi Ofanele Wobukhosi BamaTang
Ubukhosi bukaTang buvame ukubizwa ngokuthi inkathi yegolide yesiko laseShayina, kanti uMbusi uTang Taizong wayengumuntu obalulekile ekuzinzeni nasekuthuthukeni kwawo. Wayaziwa njengomholi ohlakaniphile, ovulelekile ekugxekweni, futhi okwazi ukulinganisela amandla ezempi nokubusa komphakathi.
Ngesikhathi sokubusa kwakhe, izinhlelo zomthetho nezokuphatha zathuthukiswa, ukuhweba kwachuma, futhi ubudlelwano bezombusazwe nezifunda ezahlukene banda. Impumelelo kaTang Taizong yenza uBukhosi bukaTang baba uphawu lwenkazimulo yakudala yaseShayina, ikakhulukazi kwezobuciko, ezincwadini, kanye nokuvuleleka kwamasiko.
6. UWu Zetian (624–705): Owesifazane Okuwukuphela Kwakhe Owaba NguMbusi
UWu Zetian ungumuntu oyingqayizivele emlandweni waseShayina njengoba engowesifazane kuphela ophethe isikhundla sokuba umbusi onesikhundla esisemthethweni, kunokuba nje abe yindlovukazi noma ibamba. Wakhula ngenxa yobuqili besigodlo kodwa wazibonakalisa enamandla kwezepolitiki ekubuseni izwe.
Ukubusa kwakhe kwaphawulwa ngokuqiniswa kwe-bureaucracy, ukukhushulwa kwezikhulu ngokusekelwe ekufanelekeni, kanye nokusekelwa kobuBuddha. Nakuba kwakunempikiswano futhi kuvame ukuvezwa kabi ekulandiseni kwendabuko, izazi-mlando eziningi zanamuhla zibheka uWu Zetian njengombusi ophumelelayo owayephikisana nezindinganiso zobulili zesikhathi sakhe.
7. Kublai Khan (1215–1294): Umsunguli woBukhosi bukaYuan
Njengomzukulu kaGenghis Khan, uKublai Khan wahola ukunqoba okukhulu okwagcina kuholele iShayina ngaphansi kokubusa kwamaMongol futhi kwasungula uBukhosi bamaYuan. Wabusa ngempumelelo indawo enkulu eyayihlalwa yizizwe namasiko ahlukahlukene, wakha uhulumeni owahlanganisa amasiko amaMongol nezinhlelo zokuphatha zaseShayina.
Ngesikhathi sokubusa kwakhe, ukuhweba kwamazwe ngamazwe kwachuma, futhi iShayina yaqala ukuxhumana nomhlaba, okuhlanganisa nencwadi yokuhamba kaMarco Polo. Nakuba ubukhosi bakwaYuan babhekana nokuphikiswa futhi ekugcineni kwathathelwa indawo ubukhosi bakwaMing, ukubusa kukaKublai Khan kusabalulekile emlandweni wobudlelwano beShayina nomhlaba wangaphandle.
8. Kangxi (1654–1722): Umbusi Omkhulu woBukhosi bamaQing
UMbusi waseKangxi wayengomunye wababusi ababusa isikhathi eside emlandweni waseShayina. Waziwa ngekhono lakhe lokuzinzisa umbuso, ukwandisa indawo, nokuqinisa ukuphathwa kombuso. UKangxi uphinde wabonisa isithakazelo esikhulu kwisayensi namasiko, okuhlanganisa nokusebenzisana nezithunywa zevangeli zamaJesuit kwezesayensi yezinkanyezi kanye nemephu.
Isikhathi saseKangxi sivame ukubhekwa njengesiqongo samandla oBukhosi baseQing, esiphawulwa ukukhula komnotho kanye nokulawula izindawo ezinkulu. Waba uphawu lomholi osebenzayo okwazi ukugcina ukuzinza phakathi kobunzima bezepolitiki nobuhlanga.
9. Sun Yat-sen (1866–1925): Ubaba Wenguquko Yanamuhla YaseShayina
Engena enkathini yanamuhla, uSun Yat-sen waba ngumuntu owaphawula ukuphela kwenkathi yobukhosi. Wahola inhlangano eyagumbuqela uBukhosi baseQing futhi yaholela ekusungulweni kweRiphabhulikhi yaseShayina ngo-1912. USun waziwa ngezimiso zakhe ezintathu zabantu: ubuzwe, intando yeningi, kanye nenhlalakahle yabantu.
Nakuba uhambo lwezepolitiki lwaseShayina olwalandela lwalugcwele izingxabano, uSun Yat-sen uhlonishwa kakhulu—kokubili eTaiwan nasezwenikazi—njengomuntu owavula indlela yokuthuthukiswa kwezepolitiki kanye nokuvuselelwa kwesizwe.
10. Mao Zedong (1893–1976): Umakhi weRiphabhulikhi Yabantu baseShayina
UMao Zedong wayengumvukeli wezinguquko owahola iQembu LamaKhomanisi LaseShayina kwaze kwaba yilapho kusungulwa iRiphabhulikhi Yabantu baseShayina ngo-1949. Ubuholi bakhe bashintsha isakhiwo sezenhlalo nezomnotho saseShayina ngokuguqulwa komhlaba, ukwakhiwa kwezimboni, kanye nemikhankaso emikhulu yezepolitiki efana ne-Great Leap Forward kanye ne-Cultural Revolution.
Ifa likaMao liyinkimbinkimbi. Ubhekwa njengomuntu owahlanganisa iShayina futhi waqinisa ubukhosi besizwe, kodwa izinqubomgomo ezithile nazo zabangela ukuhlupheka okukhulu kanye nokuphazamiseka komphakathi. UMao usalokhu engumuntu ophikiswana ngaye, kodwa ithonya lakhe liyilakhile iShayina yanamuhla ngokungenakuphikwa.
I-Penutup
Izibalo ezinkulu zomlando waseShayina zibonisa ukuthi indlela ohambweni lwesizwe inqunywa yimibono, ubuholi, kanye nezingxabano zenkathi ngayinye. Kusukela kuConfucius, owasungula izisekelo zokuziphatha kanye nemfundo, kuya kuQin Shi Huang, owahlanganisa lesi sifunda, kusukela kubabusi abaletha inkazimulo emakhosini kuya kubavukeli bekhulu lama-20, konke kwashiya izimpawu ezijulile ezithinta ubuwena baseShayina kuze kube namuhla. Ukuqonda lezi zibalo akukhona nje ukuqaphela amagama, kodwa futhi nokuqonda ukuthi umlando wabumba kanjani impucuko eqhubeka nokuguquka futhi ivumelane nomhlaba oshintshayo.
