Umlando weThempeli laseBorobudur kanye namasiko aseJavane
IThempeli laseBorobudur lingenye yezinto zobuciko ezibaluleke kakhulu zokwakha nezomoya e-Indonesia, futhi empeleni emhlabeni wonke. Litholakala eMagelang, eCentral Java, iBorobudur ingaphezu nje kwesakhiwo samatshe esihle kakhulu, kodwa ifa lomlando eliqopha ukuguquguquka kwezepolitiki, inkolo, ubuciko, kanye nemibono yomphakathi waseJavani phakathi neminyaka. Ngemidwebo yayo, ama-stupa, kanye nokwakheka okungokomfanekiso, iBorobudur ibonisa ukujula kwesiko laseJavani, elikwazi ukumunca, ukucubungula, kanye nokuletha ekuphileni amathonya ahlukahlukene ukudala ubuwena obuhlukile.
Imvelaphi kanye Nesizinda Somlando Sentuthuko
IBorobudur yakhiwa ngesikhathi sobukhosi bukaSyailendra, cishe ngekhulu lesi-8 kuya kwelesi-9 CE, lapho ubuBuddha bukaMahayana babuchuma eJava. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, iJava yaba yisikhungo sempucuko yezasolwandle neyezolimo echumayo, enokuxhumana okukhulu kwezohwebo kanye nobuhlakani neNdiya, iSri Lanka, kanye neNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia. Kukholakala ukuthi iBorobudur yakhiwa ngesikhathi sokubusa kweNkosi uSamaratungga, kanye nabantu abadumile abafana noGunadharma abavame ukukhulunywa ngabo emasikweni endawo, yize ubufakazi bomlando busaphikiswana.
Ukwakhiwa kwaleli thempeli elikhulu kubonisa izinga elimangalisayo lekhono lokuhlela, lobuchwepheshe, kanye nelomsebenzi onzima. Amatshe ase-andesite aqoshwa futhi abekwa ngaphandle kwesimende, ethembele ebuchwephesheni obubalulekile kanye nesisindo samatshe. Indawo ayizange ibe ngengozi: I-Borobudur imi esifundeni esizungezwe izintaba futhi eduze kwemifula ebalulekile. Ku-cosmology yaseJavanese, izindawo ezinjalo zivame ukubhekwa njengezingcwele, indawo yokuhlangana phakathi kwezwe lemvelo nelingokomoya.
Incazelo Yezakhiwo: I-Mandala kanye Nendlela Yokukhanyiselwa
Ngokwezakhiwo, iBorobudur ifana ne-mandala—imephu yendawo yonke ngokwesiko lamaBuddha—eqondisa abahambi ohambweni lwabo olungokomoya oluya ekukhanyiselweni. Isakhiwo sikaBorobudur sakhiwe amazinga ngalinye elinokubaluleka kwefilosofi. Abahambi bahamba ngokwewashi bezungeza imihubhe yezinga ngalinye (pradaksina), kuyilapho "befunda" imifanekiso eveza izimfundiso, ukuziphatha, kanye nohambo lokuphila lukaBuddha.
Umqondo wezindawo ezintathu kubuBuddha ubonakala ngokucacile. Izinga lomhlabathi limelela iKamadhatu (izwe lesifiso), amazinga aphakathi amelela iRupadhatu (izwe lesimo), kanti izinga eliphezulu limelela i-Arupadhatu (izwe elingenasimo). Isihloko, i-stupa ephakathi, sibonakala sigcizelela umgomo wokugcina: ukuthula, ukuhlakanipha, kanye nobumbano lwangaphakathi. Kumasiko aseJavane, ajwayele izimpawu nemikhuba yokomoya, lolu hambo olunezigaba luhambisana nomqondo we-lelaku—inqubo yokuzilimela ngokuziqeqesha nokuqwashisa.
Impumuzo njenge "Ncwadi Yamatshe" kanye nesibuko sempilo yasendulo yamaJava
Enye yamandla eBorobudur yizinkulungwane zamaphaneli ayo okusiza. Le midwebo ayibonisi nje kuphela izindaba zobuBuddha ezifana neLalitavistara, iJataka, ne-Avadana, kodwa futhi ikhombisa imininingwane yempilo yasendulo yamaJava: izindlu ezakhiwe ngezingodo, izikebhe, izimakethe, izingubo, ubucwebe, ubuciko, ngisho nezakhiwo zomphakathi. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, iBorobudur ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-encyclopedia ebonakalayo yempucuko yakudala yamaJava.
Kusukela emifanekisweni eqoshiwe, singabona ukuthi abantu ngaleso sikhathi babejwayelene nokuhlelwa kwedolobha, ukuhamba ngemikhumbi, ezolimo, kanye nokuphila okuyinkimbinkimbi kwenkolo. Lezi zigcawu ziqinisa umqondo wokuthi isiko lamaJava lalivulekile futhi lidala kusukela ekuqaleni. Amathonya amaNdiya anamandla ngempela enkolweni kanye nezithombe, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwawo kwakungeyona into engafanele. I-Borobudur ibonisa inqubo "yokwenziwa kwamaJavanese," noma ukucubungula kwendawo: izimfundiso zakwamanye amazwe nezimpawu zamukelwa kodwa zahlanganiswa nobuhle baseJavanese, imvelo, kanye namagugu.
Izikhathi Ezikhohliwe Nokutholakala Kabusha
Ngemva kokukhula kwayo, iBorobudur yalibaleka kancane kancane. Kusolwa izici eziningana: ukushintshela kwesikhungo sezepolitiki e-East Java, ukushintsha kwamandla, kanye nokuvela kwamasiko amaHindu kanye namaSulumane eJava. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsebenzi wezintaba-mlilo kanye nokudilika kwenhlabathi nakho kwadlala indima ekusithekeni kwesakhiwo amakhulu eminyaka. IBorobudur ayizange inyamalale ebusweni bomhlaba, kodwa "yanyamalala" emphakathini kabanzi.
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, ngesikhathi sokubuswa kweJava yiBrithani, uThomas Stamford Raffles wayala ukuba kwenziwe uphenyo ngezindawo zasendulo. IBorobudur yahlanzwa futhi yafundwa ngendlela ehlelekile. Kodwa-ke, umsebenzi omkhulu wokuvuselela awuzange uqale kwaze kwaba yikhulu lama-20, ikakhulukazi ngephrojekthi yokuvuselela eyayihilela uhulumeni wase-Indonesia kanye ne-UNESCO ngawo-1970 no-1980. Lokhu kuvuselela kwaphawula ingqophamlando ebalulekile, ukubuyisela iBorobudur njengendawo yefa lamasiko ukuze izizukulwane ezizayo zijabulele futhi zifunde kuyo.
I-Borobudur kumasiko aseJavanese: Ukuvumelanisa kanye Nomkhuba Ongokomoya
Isiko laseJava laziwa ngokuthambekela kwalo okuhambisanayo: ikhono lokuhlanganisa izinto ezihlukene ngokuvumelana. I-Borobudur iwuphawu olubalulekile lwalesi sici. Nakuba iyisikhumbuzo samaBuddha, i-Borobudur iyachuma emphakathini waseJava oye wabhekana nokushintsha kwenkolo nezinkolelo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kwamanye amasiko, izindawo zasendulo zivame ukubhekwa njengezindawo zamandla angokomoya. Lokhu akuhlobene ngaso sonke isikhathi ngqo nemikhuba yobuBuddha esemthethweni, kodwa kunalokho kuhlobene nokuhlonipha "i-kawruh" (ulwazi), okhokho, kanye nobungcwele bemvelo.
Umqondo waseJava wengokomoya—ngokugcizelela kwawo ukuzithiba, ukuvumelana, kanye nokufuna incazelo—uhambisana nengokomoya elivezwe yiBorobudur. Uhambo oluya emazingeni lungaqondwa njengesifaniso “sokukhuphuka” umhlaba wangaphakathi: kusukela esifisweni, kuya ekucaceni kwesimo, kuya endaweni engenasimo, ethule. Ngakho-ke, iBorobudur yamukelwa kalula njengophawu lomhlaba wonke, hhayi nje impahla yeqembu elilodwa lenkolo.
Ubuciko, Ubuhle, kanye Nobuntu baseJava
I-Borobudur iphinde yasiza ekwakheni umbono wamaJava ngobuciko: hhayi nje ukuhlobisa, kodwa indlela yokufundisa nokuzindla. Imidwebo yayo ihlanganisa ubuhle nomsebenzi wokufundisa. Ngokwesiko lamaJava, ubuciko buvame ukuhlotshaniswa nesiqondiso sempilo—njengaku-wayang (wayang) edlulisela izimfundiso zokuziphatha ngezindaba. I-Borobudur isebenza ngesimiso esifanayo: abantu bafunda ngokubona, ukuhamba, nokuzindla.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakhono okudweba kanye nokuhlela kwesakhiwo kubonisa isiko eliqinile lobuciko. Ubuciko baseJava buguquke ngezigaba ezahlukene—ubuHindu-ubuBuddha, ubuSulumane, ubukoloni, kanye nobesimanje—kodwa izintambo ezifanayo zisekhona: imininingwane, uphawu, kanye nokuxhumana okuseduze nemvelo kanye nengokomoya.
I-Borobudur Namuhla: Ifa, Ezokuvakasha, kanye Nezinselele
Namuhla, iBorobudur iyindawo yeGugu Lomhlaba ye-UNESCO futhi iyindawo enkulu yezivakashi. Ukuba khona kwayo kuletha izinzuzo zomnotho kanye nomuzwa wobuzwe, kodwa futhi kuletha izinselele: ukuphatha inani elikhulu lezivakashi, ukulondoloza umsebenzi wamatshe obuthakathaka, kanye nokugcina indawo ingcwele yokukhulekela kwamaBuddha, njengasemkhosini weVesak.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iBorobudur inamandla amakhulu njengendawo yemfundo yamasiko. Izizukulwane ezisencane zingafunda umlando waseJava hhayi ezincwadini kuphela, kodwa futhi ngqo "emibhalweni yamatshe" egcina izindaba zokuphila emakhulwini eminyaka edlule. Isihluthulelo ukulinganisela: IBorobudur idinga ukunakekelwa njengesikhumbuzo esingokomoya, umsebenzi wobuciko, kanye nomthombo wolwazi.
I-Penutup
Umlando weThempeli laseBorobudur awuhlukaniseki nomlando wamasiko aseJava. Wavela esicongweni sempucuko yakudala yaseJava, wagcinwa ngesikhathi, wabe usuphinde wabonakala njengofakazi kuyo yonke iminyaka. IBorobudur ifundisa ukuthi isiko laseJava liyachuma ngokuvuleleka, izimpawu ezijulile, kanye nekhono lokuguqula amathonya abe yimisebenzi edlula imingcele yenkolo neyesikhathi. Ngaphakathi kokukhululeka ngakunye kanye ne-stupa kukhona umlayezo mayelana nohambo lomuntu: ukuzihlela, ukuqonda impilo, nokufuna ukuhlakanipha. Ekugcineni, iBorobudur ayisona nje isakhiwo, kodwa iyisibonakaliso sesiko laseJava eliqhubeka nokuphila futhi linikeza incazelo kuze kube namuhla.
