Umlando Wesiko Lasendulo LaseShayina
Isiko laseShayina lasendulo lingenye yamadala kakhulu emhlabeni, njengoba selikhule njalo iminyaka eyizinkulungwane. Kusukela esigodini saseMfuleni Ophuzi (iHuang He), esivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "isizinda sempucuko yaseShayina," imiphakathi yokuqala yathuthukisa izinhlelo zezolimo, uhulumeni, izinkolelo zenkolo, isayensi, kanye nobuciko, kamuva okwakha ubuwena besiko obunethonya elikhulu kuze kube namuhla. Umlando wesiko laseShayina lasendulo awuhlanganisi nje ukulandelana kwamakhosi kodwa futhi uhlanganisa nezinguquko endleleni yokuphila, izakhiwo zomphakathi, kanye nempumelelo yobuhlakani eyasakazeka kulo lonke elase-Asia.
Izimpande Zempucuko: Imiphakathi Yakuqala kanye Nezizukulwane Zasendulo
Izinkomba zesiko lasendulo laseShayina zingalandelelwa ngokutholakala kwezinto zakudala ezivela emasikweni aseNeolithic njengeYangshao neLongshan. Isiko laseYangshao (cishe ngo-5000–3000 BC) libonakala ngobumba olunezifanekiso, izindawo zokuhlala zasemakhaya, kanye nokulima amabele. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, isiko laseLongshan (cishe ngo-3000–1900 BC) libonise intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe ethuthukisiwe, okuhlanganisa ubumba olumnyama oluhle, kanye nokuhlukana komphakathi okubonakala ngokwandayo.
Ingena enkathini yamakhosi, i-Xia ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi ubukhosi bokuqala, yize ubufakazi bomlando balokhu busaphikiswana. Ubukhosi bukaShang (cishe ngo-1600–1046 BC) bunobufakazi obuqinile ngemibhalo esemathanjeni e-oracle. Lawa mathambo ayesetshenziselwa ukubhula nokuqopha imibuzo kokhokho noma onkulunkulu, futhi ahlinzeka nangobufakazi bokuqala besimiso sokubhala samaShayina. Phakathi nenkathi kaShang, ubuchwepheshe bethusi bathuthuka ngokushesha, okusobala ekudalweni kwemikhumbi yemikhosi eyinkimbinkimbi eyayinendima ebalulekile emikhosini yenkolo.
Ubukhosi bukaZhou (1046–256 BC) baletha ushintsho olukhulu emcabangweni wezepolitiki namasiko ngomqondo "weSigunyazo Sezulu" (Tianming). Lo mqondo wawuthi amandla enkosi ayesemthethweni uma ebusa ngobulungisa; uma eyisiqhwaga, igunya lingasuswa bese ubukhosi buthathelwa indawo. Lo mbono wasebenza njengesisekelo sokufaneleka kwezepolitiki zaseShayina amakhulu eminyaka futhi wathonya indlela umphakathi owawubheka ngayo ubudlelwano phakathi kokuziphatha nohulumeni.
Inkathi Yegolide Yokucabanga: UbuConfucian, UbuDao, kanye Nobugqila
Isikhathi saseMpumalanga Zhou, ikakhulukazi isikhathi saseNtwasahlobo kanye nesaseKwindla kanye neseMibuso Elwa, saziwa ngokuzalwa kwezikole eziningi ezinkulu zefilosofi. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, iziyaluyalu zezombusazwe zabangela ukuzindla okujulile ngendlela umphakathi okufanele uhlelwe ngayo.
UbuConfucian, obuhlotshaniswa noKongzi (Confucius, 551–479 BCE), bagcizelela izimiso zokuziphatha, ubudlelwano bezenhlalo, kanye nemfundo. Izindinganiso ezifana nokuzinikela kwabazali (xiao), ukuhlonipha amasiko, kanye nokubaluleka kwabaholi abahle kwakha isisekelo sokuhleleka komphakathi. UbuConfucian abuzange busebenze njengemfundiso yokuziphatha kuphela kodwa futhi njengesisekelo se-bureaucracy kanye nesistimu yezemfundo.
UbuDao, obuvame ukuhlotshaniswa noLaozi kanye noDao De Jing, bugcizelela ukuvumelana ne-“Dao” (indlela noma isimiso sendawo yonke). UbuDao bukhuthaza ubulula, ukuzenzela izinto, kanye nokungaphoqeleli (wu wei). Lo mbono uthonya ubuciko, imithi, imikhuba yokomoya, kanye nendlela abantu abaqonda ngayo ubuhlobo babo nemvelo.
Ukulandela imithetho kwakhula njengempendulo eqinile ekungazinzini kwezepolitiki. Lesi sikole sagcizelela imithetho eqinile, izijeziso ezinzima, kanye namandla ombuso aqinile. Nakuba kwakubonakala kuqinile, ukulandela imithetho kwaba negalelo elikhulu ekusungulweni kombuso ohlangene ophumelelayo—ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi soBukhosi bukaQin.
Ukuhlanganiswa kanye nokuQinisekisa: Ubukhosi bukaQin nobukaHan
Ubukhosi bukaQin (221–206 BC) baphawula ukuhlanganiswa kweShayina ngaphansi kukaQin Shi Huang. Nakuba ukubusa kwayo kwakufushane futhi kwaziwa ngokhahlo, iQin yasebenzisa ukulinganisa okubanzi: izinhlelo zokubhala, imali, izilinganiso, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda. Lezi zinyathelo zaqinisa ubunye bamasiko nokuphatha. Kwakungalesi sikhathi futhi lapho ukwakhiwa kokuqala koDonga Olukhulu kwaqiniswa khona ukuze kuvikelwe ezinsongweni ezivela enyakatho.
Ubukhosi bukaHan (206 BC–220 AD) buvame ukubhekwa njengenye yeziqongo zokwakheka kobuzwe baseShayina. UbuConfucian baba yimbono kahulumeni esemthethweni futhi uhlelo lokuhlola olusemthethweni lwaqala ukuthuthuka, yize isimo salo sakhula kakhulu emakhosini alandelayo. Ngesikhathi sikaHan, uMgwaqo iSilk wavula ukuxhumana kwezohwebo namasiko ne-Asia Ephakathi kanye neMedithera. Izimpahla ezifana nosilika kanye nezinto zobumba zazithengiswa, kuyilapho imibono, ubuchwepheshe, kanye nenkolo nakho kwathuthela kulo lonke isifunda.
Elinye lamathonya amakhulu ngesikhathi sikaHan kwaba ukungeniswa nokusabalala kobuBuddha buvela eNdiya. Ekuqaleni bamukelwa kancane kancane, kamuva bakha isiko lokubaza, ukwakhiwa kwethempeli, kanye nomkhuba wenkolo owahlala isikhathi eside.
Ubuciko, Izincwadi, kanye Nobuchwepheshe Emasikweni Asendulo aseShayina
Isiko lasendulo laseShayina laziwa ngokucebile ngobuciko. I-Calligraphy akuyona nje ukubhala, kodwa ubuciko obubonisa ubuntu bomuntu kanye nemfundo yakhe. Ukudweba indawo (shan shui) kwathuthukiswa njengendlela yokuveza ifilosofi mayelana nemvelo kanye nokulinganisela, ikakhulukazi okuthonywe yimicabango yamaDao.
Ezincwadini, imisebenzi yakudala iye yasebenza njengezinkomba kulo lonke umlando, njenge-Shi Jing (Incwadi Yezingoma), equkethe izinkondlo zasendulo futhi ingenye “yezincwadi Ezinhlanu Zakudala.” Ukubhala komlando nakho kwathuthuka, isibonelo, nge-Shiji (Amarekhodi Omlando Omkhulu) kaSima Qian ngesikhathi sikaHan, eyaba yisibonelo somlando waseShayina.
Ubuchwepheshe bubonise impumelelo enkulu. IShayina yasendulo idume ngokusungula kwayo iphepha (elilungiswe kahle ngesikhathi sikaHan), intuthuko kwezensimbi, amasu okunisela, kanye nentuthuko yemithi yendabuko. Ikhampasi, i-gunpowder, kanye nokunyathelisa kwathandwa kakhulu ezikhathini zakamuva, kodwa izimpande zokusungula izinto ezintsha kanye namasiko esayensi zisukela ezikhathini zasendulo.
Isakhiwo Somphakathi Nokuphila Kwansuku Zonke
Umphakathi wasendulo waseShayina wawugxile kakhulu kwezolimo. Umndeni wawuyiyunithi eyinhloko yomphakathi, futhi izakhiwo zobukhosi zaziqinile. Izindinganiso zokuhlonipha abazali nokuhlonipha okhokho zakha ubudlelwano phakathi kwezizukulwane. Imikhosi yokukhulekela okhokho yayiqhutshwa ngokwesiko, iqinisa izibopho zomndeni kanye nobunikazi besizwe.
Ukuhlukana komphakathi kwakuvame ukuhlanganisa izikhulu, izikhulu, abalimi, abenzi bezinto zobuciko, kanye nabathengisi. Ngokuthakazelisayo, kubuConfucian, abalimi nabenzi bezinto zobuciko babevame ukubhekwa “njengabazuzisayo” kakhulu kuhulumeni kunabathengisi, yize empeleni, abathengisi babengaba nengcebo enkulu.
Imfundo yaba yindlela eya ekuqhubekeni komphakathi, ikakhulukazi njengoba uhlelo lokuhlolwa kwezinsizakalo zikahulumeni lwaluqala ukusungulwa. Lokhu kwakha isiko lokwazisa ukufunda kanye nemibhalo yakudala, okusalokhu kunamandla emiphakathini eminingi yamaShayina namuhla.
Ithonya Lesiko LaseShayina Lasendulo Emhlabeni
Isiko lasendulo laseShayina lalinethonya elikhulu, ikakhulukazi eMpumalanga naseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia. Uhlelo lokubhala lwe-Hanzi lwathonya ukuthuthukiswa kwezikripthi eJapane, eKorea naseVietnam. UbuConfucian babumba izimiso zokuziphatha zomphakathi kanye nezinhlelo zikahulumeni emibusweni eyahlukene yaseMpumalanga Asia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhweba eSilk Road kwenza iShayina yaba yisikhungo sokushintshana kwezimpahla nemibono.
Ifa lasendulo laseShayina liyabonakala futhi emcabangweni wombuso ohlangene, ihhovisi elisekelwe ekufanelekeni, kanye nesiko lokuqoshwa komlando. Eziningi zalezi zinto ziye zasebenza njengesiqondiso noma izinkomba zezinye izimpucuko, kuyilapho futhi zakha ukuqhubeka kwangaphakathi kweShayina kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo kuya ezikhathini zanamuhla.
I-Penutup
Umlando wamasiko asendulo aseShayina uyindaba yentuthuko ende ehlanganisa amasiko, ukusungula izinto ezintsha, kanye nokuzindla kwefilosofi. Kusukela emphakathini wamaNeolithic osebeni loMfula iYellow, kwavela impucuko enesimiso sokubhala, umbuso ohlangene, kanye nezikole zemicabango ezathonya indlela abantu abaqonda ngayo ukuziphatha, imvelo, kanye nohulumeni. Ngezigodlo ezinkulu ezifana noShang, Zhou, Qin, kanye noHan, isiko laseShayina lakha isisekelo esiqinile kangangokuthi eziningi zezinto zalo ezibalulekile zisekhona nanamuhla. Ngokutadisha isiko lasendulo laseShayina, asiqondi nje kuphela isizwe esisodwa kodwa nokuthi impucuko yabantu yakhula kanjani ngemibono, ubuciko, kanye nokusebenzisana kwamasiko ahlukahlukene.
