Ingxabano YasePalestina Yakwa-Israyeli
Ingxabano phakathi kuka-Israyeli nePalestina ingenye yezingxabano eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu nezinde emlandweni wanamuhla. Akuyona nje impikiswano yendawo, kodwa iyindlela ehlanganisa izici eziningi: ubuzwe, umlando wamakoloni, inkolo, ukuphepha, umthetho wamazwe omhlaba, kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho okubuhlungu okudluliselwe ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane. Sekuyiminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu, izenzakalo ezinkulu—kusukela ekuweni koMbuso Wase-Ottoman, igunya lobukoloni laseBrithani, ukudalwa kombuso wakwa-Israyeli, kuya ezimpini zesifunda kanye nokuguquguquka kwezepolitiki kwangaphakathi—ziye zakha iqiniso elishintsha njalo, kodwa zihlala zigxile emibuzweni eyinhloko: ubani onobukhosi, kuyiphi indawo, futhi yiziphi iziqinisekiso zamalungelo abo bonke abantu abahlala lapho.
Izimpande zomlando ezimfushane
Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, iPalestina (ngomqondo wendawo yomlando) yayingaphansi koMbuso Wase-Ottoman futhi yayihlalwa kakhulu ama-Arabhu asePalestina, enomphakathi omncane wamaJuda. EYurophu, inhlangano yamaZionist yavela ngenxa yokuzonda amaJuda kanye nokubulawa kwabantu abaningi, ifuna kusungulwe "ikhaya lesizwe" lamaJuda. Iningi lamaJuda athuthela kulesi sifunda lenzeka ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe I futhi landa eminyakeni eyalandela.
Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe I, uMbuso Wase-Ottoman wawa futhi iBrithani yathola iSivumelwano phezu kwePalestine. Ngo-1917, iSimemezelo saseBalfour samemezela ukwesekwa kweBrithani ekusungulweni “kwekhaya lesizwe labantu bamaJuda” ePalestine, uma nje singaphazamisi “amalungelo omphakathi nawenkolo” emiphakathini engewona amaJuda eyayikhona. Empeleni, isikhathi seSivumelwano SaseBrithani sasiyisikhathi sokungezwani okwandayo: ukwanda kokufuduka kwamaJuda, ukuthengwa komhlaba, kanye nokungqubuzana kwezepolitiki phakathi kwemiphakathi yamaJuda nama-Arabhu asePalestina, kanye nenqubomgomo yaseBrithani ebhekwa njengengaqondakali futhi engenasisekelo. Kwaqubuka ubudlova bomphakathi kanye nokuvukela, okuhlanganisa nokuVukela kwama-Arabhu ngo-1936-1939.
1947–1949: Amapulani okuhlukanisa kanye nempi
Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II kanye nokuQothulwa Kwesizwe—ukuqothulwa kohlanga lwamaJuda aseYurophu—ukusekelwa kwamazwe ngamazwe kokusungulwa kombuso wamaJuda kwakhula. Ngo-1947, iZizwe Ezihlangene (i-UN) zaphakamisa uhlelo lokuhlukanisa iSivumelwano sibe yizifundazwe ezimbili (zamaJuda nama-Arabhu), ezinesikhundla esikhethekile seJerusalema. Ubuholi bamaJuda balwamukela lolu hlelo, kuyilapho abaholi abaningi bama-Arabhu benqaba, becaphuna ukungabi nabulungisa kokwahlukana kanye nokwenqatshwa kwephrojekthi yombuso ebhekwa njengeqhutshwa ubukoloni.
Ngo-1948, u-Israyeli wamemezela ukuzimela. Kwaqubuka impi phakathi kuka-Israyeli namazwe angomakhelwane ama-Arabhu. Le mpi yabangela izinguquko ezinkulu: u-Israyeli wahlala futhi wanda ngale kohlelo lwe-UN, kuyilapho iWest Bank yaba ngaphansi kokulawulwa yiJordani kanye neGaza ngaphansi kokuphathwa kweGibhithe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amakhulu ezinkulungwane zamaPalestina aba ababaleki—isenzakalo amaPalestina asibiza ngokuthi iNakba (inhlekelele). Indaba yababaleki kanye nelungelo lokubuyela emuva selokhu yaba ngenye yezindawo ezibucayi kakhulu zengxabano.
1967: Ukuqashwa kanye nokuvela kwezingxabano zanamuhla
Impi Yezinsuku Eziyisithupha yango-1967 yaba uphawu loshintsho. U-Israyeli wathatha iWest Bank (kufaka phakathi i-East Jerusalem), iGaza, iGolan Heights, kanye neSinai Peninsula (eyabuyiselwa eGibhithe kamuva ngesivumelwano sokuthula sango-1979). Kusukela ngo-1967, iWest Bank neGaza bezilokhu ziphakathi kwempi yanamuhla phakathi kuka-Israyeli nePalestina, zicaphuna isimo sezindawo ezithathwe, izindawo zokuhlala zika-Israyeli, imikhawulo yokuhamba, ezokuphepha, kanye nezimfuno zasePalestina zokuzimela.
Umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe—ikakhulukazi i-Geneva Conventions—uvame ukucashunwa ezingxoxweni mayelana nokuthathwa kwabantu, ukuvikelwa kwezakhamuzi, kanye nokuba semthethweni kwezindawo zokuhlala. I-Israel igcizelela isidingo sokuphepha kanye nobunzima besimo sendawo; I-Palestine kanye nezifundazwe eziningi kanye nezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke zibheka ukuthathwa kwabantu kanye nokwandiswa kwezindawo zokuhlala njengezithiyo eziyinhloko zombuso wasePalestina ozimele futhi osebenzayo.
Inqubo yokuthula: amathemba nokwehluleka
Imizamo yezombusazwe iphindaphindiwe. Izivumelwano zase-Oslo ngawo-1990 zakha iPalestine Authority (PA) kanye nohlaka oluhlukaniswe ngezigaba olubheke esixazululweni sezizwe ezimbili. Abaningi babheka lokhu njengethuba eliyingqophamlando, kodwa inqubo iye yamiswa ngenxa yodlame oluqhubekayo, ukwakhiwa kwezindawo zokuhlala, izinkinga zokugcina zesimo (iJerusalema, ababaleki, imingcele, ukuphepha), kanye nenkinga yokuthembana kwezepolitiki.
I-Intifada Yesibili (ekuqaleni kwawo-2000) yaphawula isikhathi sobudlova obusabalele, okuhlanganisa nokuhlaselwa kwabantu abavamile kanye nemisebenzi yezempi. U-Israyeli wakha uthango/uthango lokuhlukanisa izingxenye zezwe, okuyinto u-Israyeli ayibiza ngokuthi ibangelwa ukuvimbela ukuhlaselwa, kuyilapho amaPalestina ebheka imizila yayo kanye nemiphumela njengokuthathwa komhlaba kanye nokunciphisa impilo yansuku zonke.
EGaza, ukuguquguquka kwezepolitiki kwashintsha ngemuva kokuba iHamas iwine ukhetho lwesishayamthetho sasePalestina lwango-2006 futhi kamuva yathatha izintambo eGaza ngo-2007, kuyilapho i-PA ebuswa yiFatah igcina ukulawula okulinganiselwe kokuphatha izingxenye zeWest Bank. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ukuhlukana kwangaphakathi kwamaPalestina kube yisithiyo esikhulu, ngokumelwa kwezepolitiki okuhlukene kanye namasu ahlukene omzabalazo. IGaza iphinde ibhekane nokuvinjelwa okuqinile kwase-Israel (kanye nemikhawulo ebekwe yiGibhithe), okuyinto izinhlangano eziningi zosizo ezithi yenza izimo zezomnotho nezenhlalo zibe zimbi kakhulu, kuyilapho i-Israel igomela ukuthi ukuvinjelwa kuhlobene nezinsongo zokuphepha kanye nokushushumbiswa kwezikhali. Izimpi eziphindaphindwayo phakathi kwe-Israel namaqembu ahlomile eGaza ziye zaholela ekulimaleni kwabantu kanye nomonakalo omkhulu engqalasizinda.
Izinkinga ezibalulekile ezenza kube nzima ukuziqeda
Kunezinkinga eziningana eziyinhloko eziphinde zenzeke cishe kuzo zonke izingxoxo:
1. Imingcele nendawo: AmaPalestina afuna umbuso osemingceleni yangaphambi kuka-1967 oneMpumalanga yeJerusalema njengenhloko-dolobha yawo. U-Israyeli ufuna imingcele evikelekile kanye nezinhlelo zokuphepha eziqinile; izingxenye zezepolitiki zase-Israyeli nazo zenqaba ukuhoxa ngokuphelele.
2. Isimo seJerusalema: Lo muzi ongcwele wezinkolo ezintathu ezinkulu uwuphawu kanye nesikhungo sobuwena. Izimangalo zobukhosi kanye nokufinyelela ezindaweni ezingcwele zibucayi kakhulu.
3. Ababaleki basePalestina: Izidingo "zelungelo lokubuyela" zingqubuzana nokukhathazeka kwabantu base-Israyeli kanye nezepolitiki. Izixazululo ezixoxwa ngazo zisukela ekunxephezelweni, ekuthuthweni kabusha, ekuhlanganisweni kabusha kwemindeni, noma ekuhlanganisweni.
4. Ukuphepha: I-Israel igcizelela ukuvimbela ukuhlaselwa kwamarokhethi, ukuqhuma kwamabhomu, kanye nezinsongo eziwela imingcele. I-Palestine igcizelela ukuphepha ebudloveni babahlali, imisebenzi yezempi, ukuboshwa, kanye nokulawulwa okukhawulela impilo.
5. Izindawo zokuhlala zakwa-Israyeli eWest Bank: Ukusabalala kwazo kuholele ekuqhekekeni kwendawo yasePalestina futhi kwenze kwaba nzima ukwakha umbuso ohlangene.
6. Ukuqashelwa kwezepolitiki kanye nokuba semthethweni: Amaqembu afuna ukuqashelwa kanye neziqinisekiso ezifanayo—kokubili ukuqashelwa kuka-Israyeli njengombuso wamaJuda, kanye nokuqashelwa ngokugcwele kobuzwe basePalestina.
Imiphumela yobuntu kanye neyomphakathi
Le ngxabano inomthelela omkhulu empilweni yansuku zonke. Ngasohlangothini lwasePalestina, imikhawulo yokuhamba, ukufinyelela umhlaba, ukungaqiniseki kwezomnotho, kanye nokulimala kobudlova obuphindaphindwayo kuyizinkinga ezinkulu. Ngasohlangothini lwase-Israyeli, usongo lokuhlaselwa ngamarokhethi, ukwesaba, kanye nokungezwani kwezokuphepha nakho kudala i-psychology yomphakathi kanye nenqubomgomo. Izingane zombili izinhlangothi zikhula zinokuhlangenwe nakho okuhlukile kokwesaba kanye nezindaba zokulimala, okunciphisa isikhala sozwela. Imithombo yezokuxhumana kanye nokwahlukana komhlaba wonke kuvame ukuqinisa izikhundla, kangangokuthi ukuhlupheka kwabantu ngezinye izikhathi kufiphazwa yinkulumo-ze kanye nokulunga kwezepolitiki.
Amathemba okuphothulwa
Isixazululo samazwe amabili—nakuba sisasekelwa iningi lomphakathi wamazwe omhlaba—sibhekene nezinselele ezinkulu, ikakhulukazi ukushintsha kwamaqiniso phansi, ukuhlukana kwezepolitiki, kanye nokungathembani okuphansi. Abanye sebeqalile ukuxoxa ngezinye izindlela ezifana nombuso owodwa onamalungelo alinganayo, ubumbano, noma ilungiselelo elikhethekile lamazwe ngamazwe leJerusalema. Kodwa-ke, inketho ngayinye iveza izithiyo ezibalulekile: kusukela ezindabeni zobuzwe kanye nokuvikeleka kuya esakhiweni samalungelo ezepolitiki esinobulungiswa.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ikhambi liyini, izidingo ziyafana cishe njalo: ukuphela kobudlova obubhekiswe kubantu abavamile, ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu, ukufinyelela kobuntu, ukuziphendulela ngokwephulwa komthetho, kanye nobuholi bezepolitiki obuzimisele ukuthatha izingozi zokuyekethisa. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, izingxabano zivame ukuphenduka imijikelezo yokuziphindiselela, ziqhubekisele phambili ukuhlupheka futhi zikhulise ukungathembani.
I-Penutup
Ingxabano phakathi kuka-Israyeli nePalestina ayinakuqondwa ngendaba eyodwa. Ivela emlandweni omude kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho okuvame ukuhlangana ndawonye: isidingo sokuphepha, ubulungiswa, ukuqashelwa, kanye nekhaya. Ngenxa yalokhu bunzima, indlela eya ekuthuleni ingaphezu kwezivumelwano zezikhulu, kodwa futhi ihilela ukushintsha kwezimo phansi kanye nokwakha kabusha ukwethembana phakathi kwemiphakathi. Phakathi kwempikiswano eshisayo yezepolitiki, into eyodwa isacacile: izakhamuzi zombili izinhlangothi zithwala umthwalo wemiphumela. Ukubeka phambili izindinganiso zabantu—ilungelo lokuphila, isithunzi, kanye nenkululeko—yisinyathelo esincane sokuqinisekisa ukuthi ikusasa aligcwali izinhlekelele eziphindaphindwayo.
