Ubukoloniyali baseDashi e-Indonesia
Ubukoloni baseDashi e-Indonesia bungenye yezahluko ezibaluleke kakhulu—futhi ezichaza kakhulu—emlandweni weziqhingi zase-Indonesia. Sekungamakhulu eminyaka, amandla obukoloni abubumba isiqondiso sezepolitiki, sezomnotho, sezenhlalo, kanye nesamasiko sesifunda esasizoba yi-Indonesia. Le nqubo ayizange yenzeke ngobusuku obubodwa: yashintsha kusukela ekuhwebeni, yaya ekubusweni kwezepolitiki kanye nezempi, futhi ekugcineni yaphetha ngochungechunge olude lwemizabalazo eyaholela ekumenyezelweni kwenkululeko ngo-1945. Ukuqonda ubukoloni baseDashi kusho ukuhlola ukuthi ubudlelwano bamandla basungulwa kanjani, ukuthi ukumelana okuthandwayo kwaqhubeka kanjani nokuvela, nokuthi ifa lobukoloni lihlala libonakala kanjani emphakathini wanamuhla wase-Indonesia.
Ukufika Kwasekuqaleni: Kusukela Kwezohwebo Kuya Emandleni
Ukufika kwamaDashi eziqhingini zase-Indonesia kwaqala ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-16, njengoba ayefuna imithombo ebalulekile yezinongo ezimakethe zaseYurophu. Izinongo ezifana ne-nutmeg, i-clove, ne-pepper zaba yizinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ezakhuthaza ukuncintisana phakathi kwezizwe zaseYurophu. Ngo-1602, amaDashi asungula i-VOC (i-Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie), inkampani yokuhweba eyanikezwa amalungelo akhethekile nguhulumeni waseDashi. La malungelo ahlanganisa ukulawula ukuhweba, ukusungula ibutho elihlomile, ukwenza imali, ukwenza izivumelwano, ngisho nokulwa impi. Ngamanye amazwi, i-VOC yayingeyona nje inkampani, kodwa yayiyisikhungo sezomnotho nezepolitiki esasisebenza njengombuso.
I-VOC yahlanganisa amandla ayo eBatavia (manje eyiJakarta) ngo-1619 ngemuva kokunqoba iJayakarta. Kusukela kulesi sikhungo, i-VOC yalawula amanethiwekhi ezohwebo, yakha izinqaba, futhi yaphoqelela ukubusa ngentando yeningi ezifundeni ezahlukene, ikakhulukazi eMaluku. Lawa mazwe ayevame ukuphoqelelwa ngobudlova: ukubhujiswa kwamasimu, ukulawulwa okuqinile kokukhiqiza, kanye nokucindezelwa kwezakhamuzi okwakubhekwa njengokuphula imithetho yezohwebo ye-VOC.
Isu Lokulawula: Ukuhlukanisa Nokunqoba Ezombusazwe Nezivumelwano
Elinye isu eliphumelelayo lamakoloni kwakuyinqubomgomo "yokuhlukanisa nokubusa." AmaDashi asebenzisa izingxabano zangaphakathi ngaphakathi kwemibuso noma kubantu abaphezulu bendawo ukuze aqinise isikhundla sawo. Lapho kuvela izingxabano zamandla ngaphakathi kwemibuso yamaNusantara, amaDashi ayevame ukusebenza "njengabalamuli" ngezivumelwano, kodwa ekugcineni abeka imibuso esimweni sokuthembela. Lezi zivumelwano, ngemibandela yazo eqinile, kancane kancane zaholela ekulahlekelweni kobukhosi bendawo.
Isibonelo, eJava, ukubandakanyeka kwamaDashi empini yangaphakathi yaseMataram kwaholela ebuthakathakeni bombuso kanye nokuhlukana kwamandla endawo. Intuthuko efanayo yenzeka kwezinye izifunda: amaDashi asungula amanethiwekhi ethonya ngezivumelwano zokuhweba, ukwesekwa kwezempi, kanye nokubekwa kwabeluleki ababelawula ngempumelelo izinqumo zezepolitiki.
Ukuwa kwe-VOC kanye nokuzalwa kweDutch East Indies
I-VOC yabhekana nenkinga ngenxa yenkohlakalo, izindleko zempi eziphakeme, kanye nokuphathwa kabi. Ngo-1799, i-VOC yaqedwa, futhi izimpahla zayo zathathwa uhulumeni waseDashi. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, ubukoloni bangena esigabeni esisha: ukubusa kwamakoloni okuqondile, okwaziwa ngokuthi iDutch East Indies. Ukuphathwa kwamakoloni kwaba nokuhleleka okukhulu—futhi ngezindlela eziningi kubanzi kakhulu—njengoba umbuso manje wawulawula intela, i-bureaucracy, kanye nezempi, ngenhloso eyinhloko yokusebenzisa kabi izinsiza.
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, iNetherlands yalahlekelwa amakoloni ayo ngenxa yempi eYurophu, kodwa kamuva yaqinisa amandla ayo. Impi yaseJava (1825-1830), eyayiholwa yiNkosana uDiponegoro, yayingenye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zokulwa. Le mpi yayibiza kakhulu kumaDashi, kodwa ngemva kokunqoba kwamakoloni, amaDashi aqhubeka nokulawula kwawo.
Uhlelo Lokulima Oluphoqelelwe kanye Nokuxhashazwa Komnotho
Enye yezinqubomgomo zamakoloni ezazidume kakhulu kwakuyi-Cultuurstelsel (Uhlelo Lokulima Oluphoqelelwe), olwaqalwa ngo-1830. Abantu, ikakhulukazi eJava, kwakudingeka batshale izitshalo ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe njengekhofi, umoba, i-indigo, netiye engxenyeni yomhlaba wabo noma basebenze emasimini kahulumeni. Isivuno sasikhokhelwa uhulumeni wamakoloni ukuze sithengiswe emakethe yamazwe ngamazwe. Lolu hlelo lwakhiqiza inzuzo enkulu kumaDashi futhi lwasiza ekumbozeni ukuntuleka kwezimali, kodwa lwabangela ukuhlupheka okubanzi: umthwalo wemisebenzi osindayo, indlala kwezinye izindawo, kanye nokwehla kwenhlalakahle yabalimi.
Uhlelo Lokulima lwabonisa umqondo oyisisekelo wobukoloni: ukuxhaphaza amakoloni ukuze kuzuzwe inzuzo ngezindleko zabantu bendawo. Nakuba lolu hlelo lwaqala ukuncipha ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 futhi lwathathelwa indawo umnotho okhululekile ngokungena kwebhizinisi elizimele, ukuxhashazwa kwaqhubeka ngendlela yamasimu amakhulu, izimayini, kanye nabasebenzi abavunyelwe.
Isakhiwo Somphakathi SaseKoloni: Uhlanga, Iklasi, kanye Nemfundo
Ubukoloni babungewona nje umnotho, kodwa futhi nokwakheka komphakathi. Uhulumeni wamakoloni wasebenzisa ukwahlukaniswa komphakathi ngokusekelwe kubuhlanga nesimo: AbaseYurophu phezulu, kulandele "abakwamanye amazwe baseMpumalanga" (njengamaShayina nama-Arabhu), bese kuba abantu bomdabu abasezansi. Lesi sakhiwo sathinta ukufinyelela emfundweni, emisebenzini, emthethweni nasezindaweni zomphakathi.
Imfundo yesimanje yaqala ukungeniswa, kodwa ngokuvamile yayinqunyelwe emaqenjini athile. Noma kunjalo, kwavela iqembu labantu bomdabu abafundile kamuva ababa yimbangela yokuvuka kwesizwe. Bafunda ukuqonda isimo somhlaba, baqonde umqondo wenkululeko, futhi baqaphela ukuthi ukungathuthuki kwakungeyona nje indaba "yesiphetho," kodwa kunalokho kwakuwumphumela wesimiso esingalungile.
Ezombusazwe Zokuziphatha Nokuvuka Kwesizwe
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, uhulumeni waseDashi wakhuthaza "iNqubomgomo Yokuziphatha," inqubomgomo eyayihlose ngokusemthethweni ukukhokha "isikweletu sayo sokubonga" kubantu ababehlala ekoloni ngemfundo, ukunisela, kanye nokufuduka. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kwenkulumo-ze, le nqubomgomo yahlala ngaphakathi kohlaka lwamakoloni: ukwandisa umkhiqizo kanye nokuzinza kukahulumeni. Kodwa-ke, ukwanda kwemfundo kanye nokuvulwa kwezindawo ezithile zomphakathi empeleni kwakhuthaza ukukhula kwezinhlangano zanamuhla.
I-Budi Utomo, eyasungulwa ngo-1908, ivame ukubhekwa njengengqophamlando ekuVukeni Kwesizwe. Kamuva, kwavela iSarekat Islam, i-Indische Partij, i-Muhammadiyah, i-Perhimpunan Indonesia, kanye nezinhlangano ezahlukene zentsha. Isithembiso Sentsha sango-1928 saqinisekisa ubuzwe: izwe elilodwa, isizwe esisodwa, nolimi olulodwa—i-Indonesia. Kulesi sigaba, umzabalazo wawungasagcini nje ngokuba yindawo kodwa waqala ukuthatha isimo senhlangano kazwelonke enombono wokuzimela.
Ukucindezelwa Nokumelana Okungacimekiyo
AmaDashi asabela enhlanganweni kazwelonke ngokuhlanganiswa kokubambisana kwezepolitiki kanye nokucindezelwa. Abantu abaningana abavelele baboshwa, badingiswa, noma imisebenzi yabo yayivinjelwe. Izikhulu zamakoloni zazama ukulawula abezindaba ngokuvimbela kanye nokuvimbela izinhlangano ezazibhekwa njengezinobudlova. Kodwa-ke, ukumelana kwaqhubeka: ngemfundo, ubuntatheli, idiplomacy, ngisho nezinhlangano zabasebenzi. Umzabalazo awuzange uhlale uthatha isimo sempi ehlomile; ingxenye enkulu yawo yayiqhutshwa ngesu lezepolitiki kanye nokuhlela ngobuningi.
Ukubusa KwaseJapane Nokuphela Kokubusa KwaseDashi
IMpi Yezwe II yashintsha konke. Ngo-1942, iJapane yanqoba iNetherlands yathatha iDutch East Indies. Nakuba ukubusa kwamaJapane kwakunzima futhi kwabangela ukuhlupheka, kwabuthakatha izisekelo zamakoloni amaDashi. IJapane yavula indawo yokubambisana kwezombusazwe nezempi zomdabu, okwaba yimpahla ebalulekile kamuva emzabalazweni wokuzimela.
Ngemva kokuzinikela kweJapan ngo-1945, abaholi base-Indonesia bamemezela ukuzimela ngo-Agasti 17, 1945. AmaDashi azama ukubuyisa ukulawula i-Indonesia, okwabangela iNguquko Ebonakalayo (1945-1949). Ngokulwa, izingxoxo zobumbano, kanye nokucindezelwa ngamazwe ngamazwe, amaDashi agcina ewamukele ubukhosi base-Indonesia ngo-1949.
Ifa Lamakoloni Nokufaneleka Kwalo Namuhla
Ifa lobukoloni baseDashi lisabonakala nanamuhla. Nakuba ubukoloni bushiye ingqalasizinda, izinhlelo zokuphatha, kanye nezinye zezisekelo zomthetho wanamuhla, lezi zinzuzo azikwazi ukuhlukaniswa nomongo wokuxhashazwa kanye nokungalingani okuhambisana nazo. Amaphethini ezomnotho okukhipha imali, ubunikazi bomhlaba obungalingani, kanye ne-bureaucracy esekelwe ekulawuleni kanye nasezikhundleni kungenye yezimpawu eziqhubeka nokuthonya uhambo lwesizwe.
Okubaluleke kakhulu, ubukoloni babumba ubuzwe ngokuhlangenwe nakho okwabiwe njengesizwe esibunjiwe. Ukuhlupheka nokumelana kwakhuthaza ukuqwashisa okuhlangene ukuthi ukuzimela kwakungeyona isipho, kodwa kunalokho kwakuwumphumela womzabalazo omude. Ngokuqonda ngokujulile ubukoloni baseDashi, singathola izimpande zezinkinga zezenhlalo-zomnotho nezepolitiki futhi sifunde ukwakha ikusasa elinobulungisa.
I-Penutup
Ubukoloni baseDashi e-Indonesia babubude futhi buyinkimbinkimbi: baqala ngokuhweba, baqhubekela phambili ekubusweni kwendawo, futhi ekugcineni baphela ngomzabalazo oqinile wokuzimela. Baletha ushintsho olukhulu, ngokuvamile ngobudlova nokuxhashazwa. Phakathi kwamanxeba omlando, abantu base-Indonesia bathola namandla: ubumbano, ukuqonda ubuzwe, kanye nokuzimisela ukuzimela. Ukukhumbula isikhathi sobukoloni akukhona ukunamathela esikhathini esidlule, kodwa mayelana nokuqonda ukuthi umlando wabumba kanjani isikhathi samanje—nokuthi lesi sizwe singaqhubeka kanjani silwela ubulungiswa kanye nobukhosi beqiniso.
