Impi Yombango YaseSpain Nomphumela Wayo
Impi Yombango YaseSpain (1936–1939) yayingenye yezingxabano ezibaluleke kakhulu eYurophu yekhulu lama-20. Kwakungeyona nje impi yangaphakathi phakathi kwamaqembu ngaphakathi eSpain, kodwa futhi "kwakuyimpi yokuzifudumeza" yeMpi Yezwe II: ukuhlolwa kwemibono, isu lezempi, inkulumo-ze, kanye nokubandakanyeka kwamandla angaphandle. Umthelela wayo wawubanzi kakhulu, kusukela ekushintsheni kombuso eSpain kuya ethonyeni layo kwezombusazwe zaseYurophu, ubuciko, kanye nenkumbulo ehlangene yobudlova banamuhla.
Isizinda Sengxabano
Izimpande zeMpi Yombango yaseSpain zazihlotshaniswa nokungezwani kwezenhlalo, kwezomnotho, kanye nezepolitiki okwase kuhlale isikhathi eside. ISpain yasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 yayiphawuleka ngokungalingani kobunikazi bomhlaba, ukungqubuzana phakathi kwabasebenzi kanye nosomabhizinisi, kanye nokungqubuzana phakathi kwamaqembu athuthukayo kanye namaqembu agcina imithetho. Ubukhosi baseSpain babhekana nenkinga yokufaneleka, kwathi ngo-1931, iNkosi u-Alfonso XIII yahoxa esikhundleni ngemuva kokhetho olwaqinisa ikamu lama-republican. Ngakho-ke kwavela iRiphabhulikhi Yesibili yaseSpain, eyasungula uhlelo lwezinguquko ezinkulu: ukuguqulwa kwezolimo, imikhawulo endimeni yeSonto LamaKatolika emfundweni, ukuthuthukiswa kwezempi, kanye nokwandiswa kwamalungelo ezepolitiki.
Kodwa-ke, lezi zinguquko zabangela ukumelana okukhulu kwabantu abagcina imithetho—abanikazi bomhlaba abakhulu, abanye abasebuthweni lezempi, kanye namaqembu enkolo—ababebona i-republic njengengozi ohlelweni lwendabuko. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uhlangothi lwesobunxele lwaluhlukaniswe phakathi kwabaguquli abalinganiselayo kanye nabavukeli ababebheka ushintsho luhamba kancane kakhulu. Ukwahlukana kwanda: iziteleka, ubudlova bezombusazwe, kanye nokulwa ngezikhali kwenza isimo saba buthaka kakhulu.
Isiqalo sempi saqala ngoJulayi 1936, lapho ingxenye yezempi ihlela ukuvukela umbuso we-republican, owabe ususekelwa yiqembu lesobunxele (i-Popular Front). Ukuvukela umbuso kwehluleka ukufeza ukulawula okuphelele kwezwe, kwashiya iSpain ihlukaniswe yaba amaqembu amabili: amaRiphabliki kanye namaNationalist. Lokhu kuhlukana kwakhula ngokushesha kwaba yimpi evulekile.
Amaqembu Aphikisanayo: AmaRiphabliki vs. AmaNationalist
AmaRiphabliki ayehlanganisa iqembu elihlukahlukene: ama-liberal, ama-social democrat, amakhomanisi, ama-anarchist, kanye nabanye abantu abalwela ubuzwe besifunda, njengaseCatalonia naseBasque Country. Bavikela uhulumeni we-republican osemthethweni ngokomthethosisekelo. Ngaphakathi kwaleli kamu, kwakukhona ukungezwani kwangaphakathi—ngokwesibonelo, phakathi kwamakhomanisi aphakathi kanye nama-anarchist ayesekela uguquko lomphakathi—okwathi kamuva kwathinta ukusebenza kahle kwempi.
AmaNationalist, eholwa nguJenene Francisco Franco, ayesekelwa ama-monarchist, ama-conservative, ama-Falangist (ama-fascists aseSpain), iningi labaphathi beSonto LamaKatolika, kanye nezinhlaka zempi ezimelene nama-republican. Bakhuthaza umbono weSpain "eyodwa, enkulu, neyamaKatolika", benqaba ukuzimela kwesifunda kanye ne-socialism.
Ingxabano yasheshe yaba yindawo yokulwa ngokwemibono: ubu-republican bentando yeningi kanye noguquko lomphakathi kolunye uhlangothi, ngokumelene nobuzwe obunobushiqela kolunye. Udlame lwenzeka kuzo zombili izinhlangothi, okuhlanganisa ukubulawa kwabantu ngaphandle kwenkantolo, ukushushiswa kwabaphikisi bezombusazwe, kanye nokuhlaselwa kwezimpawu zenkolo kanye nezikhungo zezepolitiki.
Ukubandakanyeka Kwamandla Angaphandle
Esinye sezizathu ezenza iMpi Yombango yaseSpain ibhekwe njengesiqalo seMpi Yezwe II ukubandakanyeka kwamandla angaphandle. IJalimane yamaNazi kanye ne-Italy yobuFascist basekela amaNationalist ngezikhali, izindiza, amathangi, abeluleki bezempi, ngisho namasosha. Ukuhlasela ngezindiza emadolobheni kwaba yindlela evelele, ikakhulukazi ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu eGuernica (1937) yiGerman Condor Legion—isenzakalo esasifanekisela ukwesaba kwempi yanamuhla ngokumelene nezakhamuzi.
I-Soviet Union yasekela iRiphabhulikhi ngezikhali, abeluleki, kanye nokusekelwa kwezepolitiki, yize lolu sizo lwalunganelanga njalo futhi lwaluhambisana nethonya elinamandla lemibono. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izisebenzi zokuzithandela zamazwe ngamazwe ezivela emazweni amaningi zajoyina ama-International Brigades ukuvikela iRiphabhulikhi. Zazivela eYurophu, eMelika, nakwezinye izindawo, ziqhutshwa ubumbano olumelene nobufashisti. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amazwe amaningi entando yeningi, njengeBrithani neFrance, alandela ngokusemthethweni inqubomgomo "yokungangeneleli," yize empeleni lokhu kwakungathathi hlangothi ngokuphelele futhi kwakuvame ukuzuzisa amaNationalist ngenxa yokuvinjelwa kanye nemikhawulo yokusiza iRiphabhulikhi.
Ngenxa yalokho, impi yaba yingxabano engalingani ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo. Ukusekelwa okuqhubekayo kwamaJalimane namaNtaliyane kwasiza uFranco ukuba aqine kwezempi, kuyilapho iRiphabhulikhi yayivame ukungabi nezikhali ezanele futhi ibhekene nokuhlukana kwangaphakathi.
Indlela Yempi Nokunqoba KukaFranco
Impi yaqala ngezigaba eziningana: izimpi zendawo, izimpi zezikhundla, kanye nezimpi ezinkulu njengeMadrid, Jarama, Brunete, Teruel, kanye ne-Ebro. IMadrid yaba uphawu lokumelana kwamaRiphabhulikhi, iqhubeka naphezu kokuvinjezelwa. Nokho, ekugcineni, ukuphakama kwempahla, ukuhlanganiswa kwezempi, kanye nosizo lwangaphandle kwavumela amaNationalist ukuba athuthuke.
Ngo-1939, iBarcelona yawa, kwalandela ukuwa kwezivikelo zamaRiphabhulikhi. UFranco wamemezela ukunqoba ngo-Ephreli 1, 1939. Ukunqotshwa kwamaRiphabhulikhi kwabangela ukufuduka okukhulu: amakhulu ezinkulungwane abalekela eFrance nakwamanye amazwe, amaningi ebhekene namakamu okuboshwa noma ubunzima bezomnotho.
Umthelela Wezepolitiki: Ubushiqela bukaFranco
Umthelela osheshayo kwaba ukuzalwa kombuso kaFranco wobushiqela, owaqhubeka kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe ngo-1975. Izwe laguqulwa laba ubushiqela obabucindezela ukuphikiswa kwezepolitiki, bavimbela amaqembu athile, bavimbela abezindaba, futhi banciphisa inkululeko yomphakathi. Ubunikazi besifunda njengamasiko nezilimi zaseCatalan naseBasque bacindezelwa, njengoba umbuso wawugcizelela ubunye kanye nokufana kwesizwe.
Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, iSpain yahlukaniswa ngenxa yobuhlobo bayo obuseduze nobuFascism, kodwa kamuva yathola isikhundla esibalulekile ngaphakathi kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi. Ngenxa yokuthi uFranco wayemelene nobuKhomanisi, amazwe aseNtshonalanga—ikakhulukazi i-United States—avula ubudlelwano kancane kancane, okuhlanganisa nokubambisana kwezempi. Lokhu kubonisa indlela ezombusazwe zomhlaba wonke “ezingathethelela” ngayo imibuso yobushiqela ukuze izuze ngokwendawo.
Umthelela Wezenhlalo: Ukucindezeleka, Ukucindezelwa, Nokufuduka
Impi Yombango yaseSpain yashiya izibazi ezijulile. Ubudlova obukhulu benzeke ngokubulawa kwabantu abaningi, ukuboshwa kwezepolitiki, ukuphoqelelwa kwabasebenzi, kanye "nokususwa" kwabaphikisi bemibono. Imindeni eminingi yalahlekelwa abathandekayo bayo ngaphandle kwezindawo zokungcwaba ezicacile, okwadala usizi phakathi kwezizukulwane. Kuze kube namuhla, udaba lokumba amathuna amaningi kanye nokulungisa izisulu lusalokhu luyindaba yempikiswano yomphakathi eSpain, ehlobene nenkumbulo yomlando kanye nokubuyisana.
Ukufuduka nakho kwaba nomthelela omkhulu. Ababaleki bamaRiphabhulikhi basakazekela eFrance, eMexico, eSoviet Union, nakwamanye amazwe. Kwezinye izindawo, baba negalelo emasikweni nasesayensini, kodwa abaningi balahlekelwa ubuwena kanye nobunzima bokuzivumelanisa nezimo.
Umthelela Wezomnotho: Ukwehla Nokwakhiwa Kabusha
Impi yabhubhisa ingqalasizinda, umkhiqizo wezolimo, kanye nezimboni. Ngemva kwempi, iSpain yabhekana nobumpofu nendlala, okwaba kubi kakhulu ngenxa yezinqubomgomo zomnotho ezingezona ezabo bonke abantu zeminyaka yokuqala kaFranco. Kuphela ngawo-1950 nawo-1960, ngenxa yokukhululeka okulinganiselwe kanye nokukhula kwezokuvakasha kanye nezimboni, lapho umnotho waseSpain wabhekana "nesimangaliso" sentuthuko. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kukhula kwakuhambisana nokungalingani futhi kwenzeka ngaphansi kokulawulwa kwezepolitiki okucindezelayo.
Umthelela Wezamasiko Nobuhlakani
Impi Yombango yaseSpain yathonya ubuciko, izincwadi, kanye nemicabango yezepolitiki emhlabeni wonke. Umdwebo kaPablo Picasso iGuernica waba uphawu lomhlaba wonke lokulwa nempi, olubonisa ukuhlupheka kwabantu abavamile kanye nonya lokuqhuma kwamabhomu. Abalobi abanjengoGeorge Orwell (owalwa empini) banikeze ubufakazi obubalulekile bobunzima bempi, okuhlanganisa nokulwa kwangaphakathi ngakwesobunxele. Izihlakaniphi eziningi zaseSpain zaya ekudingisweni, zakha "ukuhlakazeka kwamasiko" okwathonya izwe lamaHispanic.
Ekhaya, ukuvinjelwa kanye nokulawulwa kwamasiko ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaFranco kwanciphisa ukuvezwa kobuciko, kodwa futhi kwadala izinhlobo zokumelana ezingokomfanekiso ezincwadini, emculweni, naseshashalazini.
Umthelela Wamazwe Ngamazwe: Izifundo NgobuFascist Nokungangeneleli
Le mpi yafundisa iYurophu isifundo esibuhlungu: izinqubomgomo zokungangeneleli zezizwe zentando yeningi zehlulekile ukuvimbela amabutho obuFascist ekwandiseni ithonya lawo. ISpain yasebenza njengesibonelo sendlela izingxabano zemibono ezingaholela ngayo ezimpini ezinkulu, nokuthi impi yanamuhla ihlasela kakhulu izakhamuzi ngokusebenzisa inkulumo-ze, ukwesaba, kanye nokuhlasela ngamabhomu.
IMpi Yombango yaseSpain yaphinde yabumba isizukulwane sezishoshovu ezilwa nobufashisti futhi yajulisa izingxoxo ngabaholi bamazwe ngamazwe mayelana nesu lokuguqula, ubunye bezepolitiki, kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kwemigomo yemibono kanye nesidingo sezempi.
I-Penutup
Impi Yombango YaseSpain yayiyinhlekelele yesizwe kanye nesenzakalo somhlaba wonke. Yaqeda ukuzama kwentando yeningi yamaRiphabhulikhi futhi yafaka iSpain embusweni wobushiqela obude. Yasebenza futhi njengesibuko sezingxabano zemibono zekhulu lama-20, okubonisa ukuthi ukwahlukana, ukungalingani, kanye nokungenelela kwamanye amazwe kungabhubhisa kanjani umphakathi. Umthelela wayo usazwakala kwezombusazwe zaseSpain kanye nenkumbulo yomphakathi namuhla—isikhumbuzo sokuthi ukubuyisana kanye nobulungiswa bomlando kuvame ukudinga isikhathi, isibindi sezepolitiki, kanye nokuzimisela ukubhekana nesikhathi esidlule ngokwethembeka.
