Umlando kaMongameli Soeharto
USuharto wayenguMongameli wesibili weRiphabhulikhi yase-Indonesia, ebusa iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amathathu futhi engomunye wabantu abanethonya kakhulu nabaphikisanayo emlandweni wanamuhla wase-Indonesia. Waziwa njengomklami oyinhloko we-New Order, umbuso owawugcizelela ukuzinza kwezepolitiki, intuthuko yezomnotho, kanye nendima eqinile yezempi kuhulumeni. Kodwa-ke, ubuholi bakhe babuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nemikhawulo yenkululeko yezepolitiki, ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu, kanye nemikhuba yenkohlakalo, ukubambisana, kanye nokwenzelana izihlobo (KKN). Okulandelayo yindaba emfushane kodwa ebanzi yokuphila kukaSuharto.
Ubuntwana kanye nesizinda somndeni
USuharto wazalwa ngoJuni 8, 1921, eKemusuk, e-Argomulyo, eSedayu, eBantul, eYogyakarta. Wayevela emndenini othobekile eJava yasemakhaya. Izimo zakhe ezilinganiselwe zenhlalo nezomnotho zabumba okuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe kobuntwana, okuhlanganisa nemibono yakhe ngesiyalo, ukusebenza kanzima, kanye nokuhleleka. Ngaleso sikhathi, ukufinyelela imfundo esemthethweni yemiphakathi yasemakhaya kwakungelula ngaso sonke isikhathi, kodwa uSuharto wathola imfundo eyisisekelo wabe esesebenza emikhakheni eyahlukene ngaphambi kokungena empini ekugcineni.
Kusukela esemncane, uSuharto wayaziwa ngokuziphatha kwakhe okuthule, ekhetha ukusebenza ngemuva kwezithombe kunokukhuluma. Lesi sici sasizohlala naye kulo lonke umsebenzi wakhe wezepolitiki: wayevame ukubeka phambili indlela ewusizo, egcina isithombe somholi ozolile, futhi wakha inethiwekhi yamandla ngokwethembeka kanye nesakhiwo senhlangano esihlelekile kahle.
Umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala kwezempi
Umsebenzi kaSuharto kwezempi waqala ngesikhathi sokubuswa kwe-Indonesia yiJapan (1942-1945). Wajoyina inhlangano yezempi eyayisungulwe yiJapane, eyayisebenza njengendlela yokuthi intsha yase-Indonesia ithole ukuqeqeshwa kwezempi. Ngemva kokumenyezelwa kokuzimela ngo-Agasti 17, 1945, uSuharto wahileleka emzabalazweni wokuzimela. Kamuva wajoyina i-Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI) futhi kancane kancane wakhuphuka ezikhundleni.
Esinye isenzakalo esivame ukuhlotshaniswa negama lakhe yi-General Offensive yangoMashi 1, 1949 eYogyakarta, isenzo sezempi esabonisa ukuthi iRiphabhulikhi yase-Indonesia ikhona emphakathini wamazwe ngamazwe phakathi kobudlova baseDashi. Endabeni esemthethweni ye-New Order, indima kaSuharto kulesi senzakalo ithola ukunakwa okukhulu, yize ulwazi lomlando lunezincazelo ezahlukahlukene zeminikelo yabanye abantu. Noma kunjalo, okuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe ngesikhathi senguquko kwaqinisa idumela lakhe njengesikhulu esikwazi ukuhlela imisebenzi nokusungula umyalo.
Ukuya enkabeni yamandla
Eminyakeni eyalandela inkululeko, uSuharto wayephethe izikhundla ezibalulekile embuthweni wezempi. WayenguMkhuzi weMandala Command ku-Operation Trikora (1962), eyayihlose ukuhlanganisa iWest Irian (Papua) endaweni yase-Indonesia. Ukubandakanyeka kukaSuharto kulo msebenzi omkhulu kwaqinisa idumela lakhe njengesikhulu esinobuhlakani esithenjwayo ukuphatha izinhlelo zezwe.
Isimo sezepolitiki sase-Indonesia ekuqaleni kwawo-1960 sasishintshashintsha kakhulu. UMongameli uSukarno wasebenzisa i-Guided Democracy, kanye nokungezwani kwemibono phakathi kwabezizwe, amakhomanisi, kanye namasosha. Inkinga yaphakama ngemuva kwezehlakalo ze-30 September Movement (G30S) ngo-1965. Phakathi kwesiphithiphithi sezepolitiki, uSuharto, njengoMkhuzi we-Army Strategic Command (Kostrad), wadlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni isimo eJakarta. Ithonya lakhe lakhula kakhulu kamuva.
Ngomhlaka-11 Mashi 1966, uSukarno wasayina iSupersemar, egunyaza uSuharto ukuthi athathe izinyathelo zokubuyisela ukuphepha nokuhleleka. ISupersemar yaphawula ushintsho olukhulu: uSuharto wasebenzisa leli gunya ukuhlakaza i-Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) nokubopha abantu ababhekwa njengabahlobene nayo. Lesi sikhathi sokuguquka sabona ubudlova obukhulu kanye nokwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu ezindaweni ezahlukene, isahluko esimnyama emlandweni wase-Indonesia esisalokhu siyisahluko esimnyama.
Ukuba nguMongameli kanye nokuzalwa koHlelo Olusha
Ngo-1967, i-People's Consultative Assembly (MPRS) yamisa uSuharto njengoMongameli Obambele, kwathi ngo-1968, wamiswa ngokusemthethweni njengoMongameli weRiphabhulikhi yase-Indonesia. Lokhu kwaphawula ukuqala kombuso we-New Order. Uhulumeni kaSuharto wasekela uhlelo lokuzinza kwesizwe, ukukhula komnotho, kanye nelungiselelo lezepolitiki elilawulwa kakhulu kunangaphambili. Amasosha adlale indima ebalulekile ngomqondo we-ABRI (Indonesian Armed Forces) wemisebenzi emibili, ohlanganisa ukuzivikela kanye nokuphepha kanye nemisebenzi yezenhlalo nezepolitiki.
Emkhakheni wezomnotho, i-New Order yabeka phambili intuthuko ngezinhlelo zesikhathi eside, ukuvula amathuba okutshalwa kwezimali kwamanye amazwe, kanye nokusebenzisana nezikhungo zamazwe ngamazwe. Kusukela ngawo-1970 kuya ko-1990, i-Indonesia yabhekana nokukhula okukhulu komnotho, ukuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda okwandisiwe, kanye nokwehla kwamazinga obuphofu ezindaweni eziningi. Uhlelo lokuzinakekela ngelayisi lwango-1980 luvame ukubizwa ngokuthi impumelelo ebalulekile, yize umthelela walo wawuhlukahluka kuzo zonke izifunda kanye nezingxenye zomphakathi.
Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuzinza okuqaphelwe kahle kwasho nokuthi kunesikhala esincane kwezepolitiki. Uhulumeni wenza amaqembu ezepolitiki abe lula abe yizinhlangano ezintathu ezinkulu: iGolkar, i-United Development Party (PPP), kanye ne-Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI). IGolkar—esekelwa yisifundazwe—yaba yithuluzi eliyinhloko lezepolitiki likaSuharto. Kwabanjwa ukhetho oluvamile, kodwa isimo sokuncintisana sasingafani ngokuphelele ngenxa yokulawula okuqinile kwesifundazwe phezu kwezikhulu, abezindaba, kanye nezinhlangano zokuphepha.
Impikiswano nokugxekwa kukahulumeni waseSoeharto
Naphezu kwempumelelo yayo yentuthuko, inkathi ye-New Order yaphawulwa ngokugxekwa okukhulu. Imikhuba yenkohlakalo, ukubambisana, kanye nokwenzelana izihlobo (KKN) kuthiwa yayigxile kakhulu, kanti izibopho zezombusazwe nezomnotho zazizuzisa amaqembu athile, okuhlanganisa nomndeni kamongameli kanye neqembu elingaphakathi. Izinhlangano eziningi zachuma ngaphakathi kohlelo olwaluncike ekubeni seduze kwamandla.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunemibhalo eminingi egciniwe yokwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu, ukuthuliswa kwabaphikisi, kanye nezinyathelo zokucindezela izinhlangano zenhlalo nezepolitiki. Imicimbi efana nokusebenza kwezempi ezindaweni ezahlukene, imikhawulo yenkululeko yabezindaba, kanye nezenzo ezimelene nezishoshovu kushiye ifa elimnyama eliye laba yindaba yempikiswano ende selokhu kwawa i-New Order.
Izinqubomgomo zikahulumeni e-East Timor nazo zadonsela ukunaka emhlabeni wonke. Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-East Timor ne-Indonesia ngo-1976 kanye nengxabano eqhubekayo esifundeni kwabangela ukugxekwa mayelana nendlela yayo yezempi kanye nezindaba zobuntu. I-East Timor yagcina ihlukane ne-Indonesia ngemuva kwereferendum ngo-1999, ngemuva kokuwa kweSuharto.
Inkinga yango-1997-1998 kanye nokuwa kweSuharto
Ukuwa kukaSuharto akukwazi ukuhlukaniswa neNkinga Yezezimali yase-Asia ka-1997-1998. I-rupiah yehla kakhulu, ukwehla kwamandla emali kwakhuphuka, izinkampani zawa, kwathi ukungasebenzi kwakhuphuka kakhulu. Inkinga yezomnotho yaphenduka ngokushesha yaba yinkinga yezepolitiki. Ukwethembana komphakathi kuhulumeni kaSuharto kwehla kakhulu, kuyilapho izimfuno zokuguqulwa kwanda kakhulu emakhampasi nasemadolobheni.
Igagasi lemibhikisho yabafundi lakhula, lafinyelela esicongweni salo ngoMeyi 1998. Ukungahlaliseki komphakathi kwaqubuka ezindaweni eziningana, okuhlanganisa neJakarta, okwaholela enhlekeleleni yobuntu kanye nokulahlekelwa okukhulu. Ngaphansi kwengcindezi evela esimweni esingalawuleki esiqhubekayo kanye nokusekelwa kwezepolitiki okubuthakathaka, uSuharto wesula esikhundleni sakhe ngoMeyi 21, 1998. IPhini likaMongameli uBJ Habibie lamlandela, okwaphawula ukuqala kwesikhathi seNguquko.
Impilo ngemva kokulahla ubukhosi nokufa
Ngemva kokushiya isikhundla, uSuharto wayephila kakhulu ngaphandle komphakathi. Wabhekana nezinselelo eziningi zomthetho ezihlobene nenkohlakalo okuthiwa iyenzeka, kodwa izinqubo zaphazanyiswa kaningi yizinkinga zezempilo. Izingxoxo mayelana nokuziphendulela kwezepolitiki kanye nomthetho kwe-New Order zaqhubeka, kuyilapho umbono womphakathi ngaye wawuhlukene phakathi: abanye bancoma ukuzinza nentuthuko, kanti abanye bafuna iqiniso nobulungiswa ngokuxhashazwa kwangaphambilini.
USuharto washona ngoJanuwari 27, 2008, eJakarta futhi wangcwatshwa e-Astana Giri Bangun eKaranganyar, eCentral Java. Kuze kube namuhla, ifa likaSuharto lisalokhu liyingxenye ebalulekile yezingxoxo ngomlando wase-Indonesia. Ubhekwa njengomholi owaletha izinguquko ezinkulu zentuthuko, kodwa futhi njengophawu lobushiqela nezinkinga zesakhiwo okusabonakala imiphumela yaso.
I-Penutup
Umlando kaSuharto ubonisa ubunzima bomlando wase-Indonesia: isikhathi somzabalazo, ukuguquguquka kwezepolitiki kwangemva kokuzimela, intuthuko yezomnotho esheshayo, kanye namanxeba ajulile kwezenhlalo nezepolitiki. Ukuze uqonde ngokugcwele uSuharto, kudingeka indlela ebucayi nelungile—ukuvuma impumelelo yakhe ebonakalayo kodwa futhi ungashayi indiva izinhlekelele kanye nokuxhashazwa okwenzeka. Ngale ndlela, umlando ungasebenza njengesifundo ezizukulwaneni ezizayo ukuze i-Indonesia iqhubeke nokukhula njengesizwe sentando yeningi, esichumayo, nesinobulungiswa.
