Ukuzimela kweNdiya eBrithani
Ukuzimela kweNdiya ekubusweni yiBrithani kwakungenye yezenzakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wekhulu lama-20. Kwakuyinqubo ende, egcwele izingxabano ehilela izigidi zabantu abavela ezizindeni ezahlukene zobuhlanga, zenkolo, kanye nezenhlalo. I-India ayizange ithole ukuzimela ngesenzakalo esisodwa, kodwa kunalokho ngochungechunge lwezinhlangano zezombusazwe, imibhikisho emikhulu, izingxoxo, kanye nezimo zomhlaba ezishintshayo okwagcina kuphoqe iBrithani ukuba iqede ubukoloni ezwekazini laseNdiya. Ngo-Agasti 15, 1947, i-India yathola ukuzimela ngokusemthethweni, kodwa lokhu kuzimela kwaletha nokuhlukaniswa kwePakistan, kwashiya izibazi ezihlala njalo kwezenhlalo nakwezepolitiki.
Isizinda Sokubusa KwaseBrithani eNdiya
Ukubusa kweBrithani eNdiya kwaqala ngemisebenzi yokuhweba ye-East India Company (EIC) ngekhulu le-17. Le nkampani ekuqaleni yayifuna inzuzo yezomnotho ngokuhweba ngezinongo, izindwangu, nezinye izinto ezithengiswayo. Kodwa-ke, njengoba imibuso yendawo ibuthaka futhi amandla ezempi e-EIC ekhula, le nkampani yaqala ukungenelela kwezepolitiki futhi yathatha ngisho nokulawula izindawo ezibalulekile. Ukunqoba kwe-EIC eMpini yasePlassey ngo-1757 kuvame ukubhekwa njengesikhathi sokushintsha okwaqinisa ukubusa kweBrithani eBengal futhi kwavula indlela yokulawula okubanzi.
Maphakathi nekhulu le-19, amandla e-East India Company ayesezinzile, kodwa futhi abangela ukunganeliseki okwandile. Izinqubomgomo zentela ezinkulu, izinguquko zomphakathi, kanye nezenzo ezazibhekwa njengezilulaza amasiko endawo kwabangela intukuthelo. Lokhu kwaphetha ngokuVukela kwamaNdiya ngo-1857—okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi “ukuVukela kweSepoy”—okwakubandakanya amabutho amaNdiya ngaphansi komyalo waseBrithani kanye namaqembu ahlukahlukene omphakathi. Ngemva kokuba ukuvukela sekuqediwe, amaNgisi ahlakaza i-East India Company futhi athatha ukubusa okuqondile. Kusukela ngo-1858, i-India yayingaphansi kwe-British Raj.
Umthelela Wobukoloni: Ezomnotho, Ezenhlalo, kanye Nezepolitiki
Ubukoloni baseBrithani baletha izinguquko ezinkulu esakhiweni sezomnotho saseNdiya. AmaNgisi akha ingqalasizinda efana nezitimela, imigqa ye-telegraph, kanye nohlelo lokuphatha lwesimanje. Kodwa-ke, lezi zinguquko zazihloselwe kakhulu izintshisekelo zamakoloni: ukwenza lula ukuthuthwa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa kanye nemikhiqizo yezolimo iye emachwebeni ukuze ithunyelwe eBrithani, ngenkathi kwandiswa izimakethe zezimpahla zezimboni zaseBrithani eNdiya.
Ngenxa yalokho, izimboni eziningi zendabuko zaseNdiya, ikakhulukazi izindwangu, zehla. Izinqubomgomo zomnotho zamakoloni nazo zandisa ubumpofu kanye nokubekeka engcupheni yendlala. Indlala enkulu eminingana yenzeka ngesikhathi samakoloni, futhi yize izimbangela zayo ziyinkimbinkimbi, izazi-mlando eziningi zikholelwa ukuthi izinqubomgomo zentela, ukusatshalaliswa kokudla okubi, kanye nomnotho ogxile ekuthumeleni kwamanye amazwe kwakhulisa ukuhlupheka kwabantu.
Emkhakheni wezenhlalo nezepolitiki, amaNgisi angenisa imfundo yaseNtshonalanga futhi adala amathuba okuvela kweqembu elifundile kamuva elaba yimbangela yokunyakaza kobuzwe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inqubomgomo "yokuhlukanisa nokubusa" yayivame ukwandisa ukungezwani phakathi kwemiphakathi, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwamaHindu namaSulumane, okwaba nendima enkulu kamuva ekuhlukaniseni iNdiya.
Ukuvela Kobuzwe BamaNdiya
Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, kwavela inhlangano yanamuhla yobuzwe eNdiya. Enye yezinhlangano ezibaluleke kakhulu kwakuyi-Indian National Congress (INC), eyasungulwa ngo-1885. Ekuqaleni, i-INC yagxila ekuguqulweni kancane kancane futhi yafuna ukubamba iqhaza okukhulu kwamaNdiya ekubuseni kwamakoloni. Kodwa-ke, njengoba isikhathi sihamba nokucindezelwa kwamakoloni kwanda, lezi zidingo zaguquka zaba izicelo zokuzimela okugcwele.
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, kwavela izinhlangano ezahlukene zokubhikisha, okuhlanganisa nenhlangano yeSwadeshi (umkhiqizo wasekhaya) eyavela ngemva kokuhlukaniswa kweBengal yiBrithani ngo-1905. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwabonakala njengomzamo wokuhlukanisa umphakathi nokubuthakathaka kwenhlangano yobuzwe. ISwadeshi yakhuthaza ukuvinjelwa kwezimpahla zaseBrithani futhi yaba uphawu lokumelana nomnotho.
Ngaphandle kwe-INC, umphakathi wamaSulumane wakha nenhlangano yezepolitiki ebizwa ngokuthi i-All-India Muslim League ngo-1906. Leli qembu ekuqaleni lalihlose ukuvikela izintshisekelo zamaSulumane kwezepolitiki zaseNdiya, kodwa kamuva laphenduka laba ngumsekeli womqondo wombuso ohlukile wamaSulumane, okuyiPakistan.
Indima kaMahatma Gandhi kanye neSu Lokungavikeli Ubudlova
Umuntu ovelele kakhulu emzabalazweni wenkululeko waseNdiya kwakunguMohandas Karamchand Gandhi, owaziwa nangokuthi uMahatma Gandhi. UGandhi wathuthukisa umqondo we-satyagraha, ukumelana ngeqiniso kanye nokungabi nobudlova. Leli cebo lalingelona elenza izinto ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amandla, kodwa laliyindlela yokumelana okusebenzayo, okuhlanganisa iziteleka, ukubhikisha, imibhikisho enokuthula, kanye nokwenqaba ukubambisana nohulumeni wamakoloni.
UGandhi wahola izinhlangano eziningana ezinkulu, njenge-Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922), eyakhuthaza amaNdiya ukuba enqabe ukubambisana nezikhungo zamakoloni. Waphinde wahola i-Salt March, noma i-Dandi March (1930), umbukiso ongokomfanekiso wokulwa nohulumeni waseBrithani ophethe usawoti. Uhambo olude oluya ogwini ukuyozenzela usawoti lwaba uphawu lokumelana olwadonsa ukunaka kwamazwe ngamazwe.
Izinhlangano zikaGandhi zaphumelela ekuhlanganiseni izixuku ezivela kuzo zonke izigaba zokuphila: abalimi, izisebenzi, abathengisi, ngisho nabafundile. Wagcizelela nobunye bezinkolo ezahlukene futhi wenqaba ubudlova bomphakathi. Kodwa-ke, ukugcina lobu bunye kwaba nzima kakhulu njengoba ukungezwani phakathi kwemiphakathi kwanda.
IMpi Yezwe II kanye Nesimo Somhlaba Esishintshayo
IMpi Yezwe II (1939-1945) yabangela ushintsho olukhulu ekuguqukeni kwamakoloni. IBrithani yayidinga ukwesekwa kwamakoloni ayo, okuhlanganisa neNdiya, ukuze ibhekane neJalimane neJapan. Kodwa-ke, abaholi abaningi baseNdiya bafuna ukuthi lokhu kusekelwa kuhambisane nesithembiso sokuzimela. Lapho lesi sidingo singahlangatshezwanga, i-INC yaqala ukunyakaza kwe-Quit India (1942), icela ukuba iBrithani ihambe ngokushesha.
AmaNgisi asabela kule nhlangano ngokuboshwa kwabantu abaningi, okuhlanganisa noGandhi nabanye abaholi be-INC. Nakuba le nhlangano yayicindezelwe, umoya wokumelana wawusalokhu ukhona. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, impi nayo yanciphisa umnotho waseBrithani futhi yandisa izinkinga ezindaweni ezahlukene. Ngemva kwempi, iBrithani yabhekana nobunzima obukhulu ekulondolozeni amakoloni ayo, okwaba ngcono ngenxa yokucindezela okwandayo kwamazwe ngamazwe kokukhululwa ekubusweni kwamakoloni.
Ukuya Ekuzibuseni kanye Nokuhlukaniswa KweNdiya
Maphakathi nawo-1940, izingxoxo ezijulile phakathi kweBrithani, i-INC, kanye ne-Muslim League zaba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu. UJawaharlal Nehru wayengumuntu obalulekile ku-INC, kuyilapho uMuhammad Ali Jinnah ehola i-Muslim League. UJinnah wagcizelela ukuthi amaSulumane adinga umbuso ohlukile ukuqinisekisa amalungelo awo kanye nokuvikeleka, kuyilapho abaholi abaningi be-INC bethanda i-India ebumbene.
Ukungezwani kwanda kwaba udlame lomphakathi ezindaweni ezahlukene. Ekugcineni iBrithani yanquma ukusheshisa ukudluliselwa kwamandla. Kwahlelwa uhlelo lokuhlukanisa iNdiya, kwathi ngo-Agasti 15, 1947, kwazalwa amazwe amabili azimele: i-India nePakistan (ngaleso sikhathi eyayihlanganisa iWest Pakistan ne-East Pakistan, eyayizoba yiBangladesh ngo-1971).
Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwabangela ukufuduka okukhulu: izigidi zamaHindu namaSikh zathuthela eNdiya, kwathi izigidi zamaSulumane zathuthela ePakistan. Le nqubo yahambisana nobudlova, ukubulala, kanye nenhlekelele yabantu eyabulala abantu abaningi. Ukuzimela, okwakufanele kube yisikhathi sokunqoba, kwaphenduka isikhathi sosizi emindenini eminingi.
Incazelo Yokuzimela KwamaNdiya
Ukuzimela kweNdiya kwakubaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni wonke. I-India yayifanekisela ukuthi amandla obukoloni aseYurophu anganqotshwa ngezinhlangano eziningi ezihleliwe, okuhlanganisa namasu obudlova. Impumelelo ye-India yaphefumulela amazwe amaningi e-Asia nase-Afrika ukuba alwele ukuzimela kwawo.
E-India ngokwayo, ukuzimela kwaphawula ukuqala komzabalazo omusha: ukwakha isizwe sentando yeningi, ukunqoba ubumpofu, ukuhlanganisa isifunda esikhulu nesihlukahlukene, nokugcina uzinzo phakathi kwengxabano eqhubekayo nePakistan, ikakhulukazi ngeKashmir. Kodwa-ke, i-India nayo yabonisa ukuqina kwezepolitiki ngokugcina uhlelo lwayo lwentando yeningi kanye nokubona intuthuko esheshayo emikhakheni eyahlukahlukene emashumini eminyaka alandela.
I-Penutup
Ukuzimela kweNdiya eBrithani kuyindaba yesibindi, ukuhleleka, kanye nokuzimisela kwesizwe esenqaba ukuzithoba kubukoloni. Uhambo oluholela ku-Agasti 15, 1947, lwalugcwele ukuzidela, ukunyakaza kwezombusazwe okuyinkimbinkimbi, kanye nezinguquko zomhlaba wonke ezasheshisa ukususwa kobukoloni. Nakuba ukuzimela kwakuhambisana nosizi lokuhlukana kanye nodlame lomphakathi, iNdiya yavela njengamandla amakhulu anethonya elinamandla emhlabeni. Umlando wokuzimela kweNdiya usikhumbuza ukuthi inkululeko ivame ukuzalwa umzabalazo omude, nokuthi ukwakha ubunye ngemva kokuzimela kubaluleke njengokuthola ukuzimela uqobo.
