Isiko LaseGibhithe Lasendulo Namaphiramidi
IGibhithe lasendulo lingenye yezimpucuko ezithakazelisa kakhulu emlandweni wesintu. Njengoba itholakala ngasemfuleni iNayile, abaseGibhithe basendulo bathuthukisa amasiko, izinhlelo zikahulumeni, izinkolelo, ngisho nemisebenzi yobuciko yokwakha enethonya elizwakalayo iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezayo. Phakathi kwefa elidumile kakhulu lale mpucuko kukhona amaphiramidi—izakhiwo ezinkulu hhayi nje kuphela eziyisimangaliso sobunjiniyela kodwa futhi ezigcwele ukubaluleka kwenkolo, kwezepolitiki, kanye namasiko. Ukuze siqonde ngokugcwele amaphiramidi, sidinga ukuwabona njengengxenye yesiko laseGibhithe lasendulo lilonke: umbono wawo ngokuphila, ukufa, kanye nokuhleleka kwendawo yonke.
UMfula iNayile uyigazi lokuphila kwempucuko
IGibhithe lasendulo lalichuma eMfuleni iNayile. Izikhukhula zaminyaka yonke zeNayile zaletha udaka oluvundile olwenza ezolimo zachuma ehlane. Lokhu kwezolimo kwakhiqiza ukudla okuningi, okwenza umphakathi wakhe isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi senhlalo: abalimi, izingcweti, ababhali, abapristi, izikhulu, amasosha, kanye nobukhosi. INayile yayingeyona nje umthombo wamanzi, kodwa futhi yayiyi-"axis" yezomnotho, indlela yokuhamba, kanye nophawu lokuphila. Amakhalenda ezolimo, amasiko enkolo, kanye nokuhweba kwakuxhomeke emigqumeni yomfula.
Ukuba khona koMfula iNayile kwasiza ekwakheni umbono womhlaba waseGibhithe wokuhleleka (ma'at), umqondo wendawo yonke wokulinganisela, iqiniso, nokuzwana. I-Ma'at yaba umbono wezenhlalo nezepolitiki. Inkosi—uFaro—yayinomthwalo wemfanelo wokugcina i-ma'at ukuvimbela umhlaba ukuthi ungangeni esiphithiphithini.
Isakhiwo senhlalo kanye nendima kaFaro
Emasikweni aseGibhithe lasendulo, uFaro wayebhekwa njengoxhumano phakathi kwezwe labantu kanye nombuso wonkulunkulu. Amandla akhe ezepolitiki ayengewona nje kuphela okuphatha kodwa futhi ayengcwele. Wayenesibopho semikhosi yenkolo, ukuvikelwa kombuso, kanye nokuchuma okuqhubekayo komhlaba. Le nkolelo yaholela ekusekelweni ngentshiseko kwamaphrojekthi amakhulu njengokwakhiwa kwamathempeli namaphiramidi, njengoba ayebhekwa njengokuhlobene ngqo nokuzinza kwendawo yonke.
Ngaphansi koFaro, kwakukhona ihhovisi elinamandla. Ababhali badlala indima ebalulekile, njengoba ikhono lokufunda nokubhala ama-hieroglyphs kanye nama-hieratic kwakuyikhono elikhethekile. Amarekhodi entela, ukusatshalaliswa kokudla, amaphrojekthi okwakha, ngisho namasiko enkolo kwakudinga imibhalo. Lesi siko esibhaliwe saphinde senza iGibhithe lakwazi ukusungula uhulumeni omkhulu owasekela ukwakhiwa kwamaphiramidi.
Inkolo, ukufa, kanye nokuphila ngemva kokufa
IGibhithe lasendulo lalidume ngokukholelwa kwalo ekuphileni kwangemva kokufa. Kubo, ukufa kwakungesona isiphetho, kodwa kwakuwukuguquka. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuguquka kwakudinga ukulungiswa. Isidumbu kwakudingeka silondolozwe ngokumiswa kwezidumbu, futhi ithuna kwakudingeka lihlonyiselwe uhambo oluya ekuphileni kwangemva kokufa: ukudla, izimpahla zomuntu siqu, izithombe, nemibhalo engcwele njenge-"Piramidi Texts" noma "iNcwadi Yabafileyo" kamuva.
Umqondo womphefumulo eGibhithe lasendulo nawo wawuyinkimbinkimbi. Kwakukhona i-ka (amandla okuphila), i-ba (isici esiphilayo sobuntu), kanye ne-akh (isidalwa "esiphumelele" esasiphumelele ukuhlolwa). Amathuna kanye nemikhuba yomngcwabo kwakuhloswe ukuqinisekisa ukusinda nokuhlanganiswa kwalezi zici ezahlukene. Yilapho amaphiramidi aba khona abalulekile: hhayi izakhiwo nje kuphela, kodwa nemishini yokomoya eyasiza inkosi ukufeza ukungafi.
Kusukela ku-mastaba kuya ku-pyramid
Ngaphambi kwamaphiramidi ajwayelekile anezicijile, izikhulu zakuqala namakhosi ayengcwatshwa ezakhiweni eziphansi, eziyisikwele ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-mastaba. Ama-Mastaba ashintsha kusukela ezakhiweni ezilula kuya kweziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Intuthuko enkulu yenzeke ngesikhathi sokubusa kweNkosi uDjoser (uBukhosi Besithathu) ngokwakhiwa kwePhiramidi Yesinyathelo eSaqqara, eyaklanywa ngu-Imhotep—umuntu kamuva owahlonishwa njengomuntu ohlakaniphile.
Iphiramidi likaDjoser liyinhlanganisela yama-mastaba amaningana abekwe phezu komunye nomunye, akha izitebhisi eziya ezulwini. Ngokomfanekiso, lesi sakhiwo esinezitezi singahunyushwa njengokukhuphuka kukaFaro endaweni yonkulunkulu.
Amaphiramidi aseGiza: isiqongo senkazimulo
Ukwakhiwa kwamaphiramidi okukhulu kwenzeka ngesikhathi soBukhosi Besine, ikakhulukazi eGiza complex, enamaphiramidi amathathu amakhulu: iKhufu (iCheops), iKhafre, neMenkaure. IPhiramidi likaKhufu liyinkulu kunazo zonke futhi lihlala liyinye yezimangaliso eziyisikhombisa zezwe lasendulo. Ukunemba kokwakhiwa kwalo kuyamangalisa: ukuqondiswa kwalo okunembile eziqondisweni eziphambili, ukulingana okuseduze kwamabhulokhi amatshe, kanye nobukhulu bephrojekthi.
La maphiramidi ayezimele wodwa. Ama-pyramid complex ngokuvamile ayehlanganisa amathempeli asezigodini, imigwaqo emikhulu, amathempeli omngcwabo, amaphiramidi amancane ezindlovukazi, kanye namathuna azungezile afana ne-mastaba ezikhulu. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi amaphiramidi ayebalulekile ezindaweni zenkolo, zezombusazwe kanye nezenhlalo.
Amasu okwakha kanye nokuhlela umsebenzi
Izinganekwane eziningi zithi amaphiramidi adalwa ukwakhiwa kwezigqila, kodwa ubufakazi besimanje bemivubukulo busikisela ukuthi abasebenzi babenabasebenzi abanekhono nabalimi ababesebenza ngezikhathi zonyaka lapho amasimu ayegcwele amanzi. Babethola ukudla, indawo yokuhlala, kanye nokunakekelwa kwezokwelapha. Lokhu akusho ukuthi umsebenzi wawulula—ukwakhiwa kwamaphiramidi kwakusadinga umsebenzi omkhulu—kodwa isithombe “sobugqila obuningi” asihambisani ngokuphelele nokutholakele kwesayensi.
Kucatshangwa ukuthi amasu okuthutha amatshe ayehilela izileyidi esihlabathini esimanzi ukuze kube lula, kube lula, kanye nezinhlelo zokuma eziklanywe ngezindlela ezahlukene. Amabhulokhi e-limestone omzimba wephiramidi avela ezinkwalini zendawo, kanti i-granite yamakamelo athile yalethwa ivela e-Aswan, eqhele ngamakhilomitha angamakhulu. Iqiniso lokuthi lezi zinhlelo zokuthutha zazilawulwa libonisa ikhono lombuso waseGibhithe lasendulo lokuhlela, ukusatshalaliswa kwezinsizakusebenza, kanye nokuxhumanisa abasebenzi.
Incazelo engokomfanekiso yephiramidi
Ngokwesiko, amaphiramidi anezimpawu ezifakwe izingqimba. Isimo sawo esiyindilinga sivame ukuhlotshaniswa ne-benben, itshe elingcwele elihlotshaniswa nezinganekwane zokudala. Ubuso bephiramidi ekuqaleni babumbozwe nge-limestone emhlophe ebushelelezi eyayibonakalisa ukukhanya kwelanga, okwenza kubonakale sengathi kuyakhazimula kude—njengezitebhisi zokukhanya eziholela emazulwini. Ilanga ladlala indima ebalulekile emfundisweni yenkolo yaseGibhithe, ikakhulukazi enkolweni kankulunkulu uRa, ngakho-ke ukuxhumana phakathi kwamaphiramidi nokukhulekelwa kwelanga kunengqondo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaphiramidi nawo ayeyizitatimende zezombusazwe. Ngokwakha izikhumbuzo ezinkulu, oFaro babonisa ukulawula kwabo izinsizakusebenza kanye nabasebenzi, kuyilapho beqinisekisa ukuthi basemthethweni. Amaphiramidi ayeyinkulumo-ze yamatshe: imiyalezo ememezela ukuthi amandla enkosi emhlabeni azoqhubeka nangemuva kokufa.
Ubuciko, ukubhala, kanye nempilo yansuku zonke ezungeze iphrojekthi yephiramidi
Iphrojekthi yephiramidi yakhuthaza intuthuko yobuciko kanye nobuciko. Abadwebi bakha izithombe, imifanekiso eqoshiwe, ubucwebe, nezinto zemikhosi. Izindonga zethuna zazivame ukuhlotshiswa ngezigcawu zokuphila kwansuku zonke: ukulima, ukuzingela, ukuhweba, amasiko, kanye namadili. Lezi zigcawu zazingezona nje zokuhlobisa kodwa kwakukholelwa ukuthi "zethula" ngomlingo lezi zenzo kumnikazi wethuna ngemva kokufa.
Ama-hieroglyphs kanye nemibhalo yenkolo nakho kwakuyizingxenye ezibalulekile zalesi siko. Kweminye imibhoshongo yesikhathi esithile, imibhalo engcwele yayiqoshwa ezindongeni zamagumbi okungcwaba ukuze kusizwe uhambo lomphefumulo wenkosi. Leli siko lemibhalo kamuva lashintsha futhi lasakazekela emathuneni angewona asebukhosini, okubonisa izinguquko zomphakathi nezenkolo.
Kungani ukwakhiwa kwephiramidi kwehla?
Esikhathini sangemva koMbuso Omdala, ukwakhiwa kwamaphiramidi amakhulu kwehla. Lokhu kwakungenxa yezici ezahlukene: izinguquko zezombusazwe, izimo zomnotho, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kweminye imikhuba yokungcwaba. Embusweni Omusha, isibonelo, oFaro babekhetha ukungcwatshwa eSigodini Samakhosi, amathuna afihliwe emaweni, mhlawumbe ukuze kuncishiswe ukuphangwa. Kodwa-ke, naphezu kokushintsha kwezinhlobo zamathuna, imibono yokungafi, amasiko omngcwabo, kanye nobuhlobo benkosi nonkulunkulu kwahlala kuyisici esibalulekile samasiko.
Ifa leGibhithe lasendulo emhlabeni
Amaphiramidi awagcini nje ngokuba izindawo ezikhangayo; ayimibhalo yamasiko eyenziwe ngamatshe. Kusukela kumaphiramidi, sifunda ngendlela iGibhithe Lasendulo elahlela ngayo isimo salo, lathuthukisa ubuchwepheshe, lathuthukisa ubuciko, futhi laqonda ngayo impilo yangemva kokufa. Isiko laseGibhithe lasendulo libonisa indlela izinkolelo ezakha ngayo izakhiwo, indlela ezombusazwe ezihlangana ngayo nenkolo, nokuthi umphakathi wawukwazi kanjani ukudala imisebenzi eyadlula isikhathi sawo.
Ekugcineni, amaphiramidi asikhumbuza ukuthi imiphakathi emikhulu ayilinganiswa nje kuphela ngamandla ayo empi noma ububanzi bendawo, kodwa futhi namakhono ayo okwakha incazelo efanayo. IGibhithe lasendulo, elinamaphiramidi alo njengesisho salo esiyinhloko, lashiya umlayezo wokuphikelela, ukuhleleka, kanye nokufuna ubuphakade—ifa eliqhubeka nokuheha ilukuluku lomuntu kuze kube namuhla.
