Uguquko Lwezimboni eNgilandi
Inguquko Yezimboni eNgilandi yayingenye yezenzakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wezwe wanamuhla. Lolu shintsho olukhulu, olwaqala maphakathi nekhulu le-18, aluzange lushintshe nje kuphela indlela izimpahla ezazikhiqizwa ngayo kodwa futhi lwashintsha nezakhiwo zomphakathi, izindlela zokuphila, ubudlelwano bezisebenzi, ngisho nesimo somnotho womhlaba wonke. IBrithani yaba ngumholi walolu guquko ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kwezici zendawo, zezombusazwe, zezomnotho, kanye nezobuchwepheshe ezazihambisana. Kusukela emadolobheni athule ezolimo, iNgilandi yathuthuka yaba amadolobha ezimboni amatasa anezimboni, izitolo zokubhema, kanye nemishini esebenzisa umusi.
Ingemuva: INgilandi Ngaphambi Kokuthuthukiswa Kwezimboni
Ngaphambi kweNguquko Yezimboni, iningi labantu baseNgilandi laliphila ngezolimo. Ukukhiqizwa kwezimpahla ezifana nendwangu, izimpahla zasekhaya, namathuluzi kwakwenziwa emakhaya ngohlelo lwezandla lwasekhaya. Izisebenzi zenza izimpahla emakhaya azo ngamathuluzi alula, bese abathengisi beqoqa izimpahla ukuze zithengiswe. Le ndlela yayidla isikhathi, ithatha isikhathi, futhi inzima ukuhlangabezana nesidingo semakethe esikhulayo.
Nokho, kusukela ngekhulu le-17 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18, iNgilandi yaqala ukubona ushintsho. Ukuhwebelana kwamazwe ngamazwe kwachuma ngenxa yemikhumbi enamandla kanye nenethiwekhi enkulu yamakoloni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhula kwabantu kwandisa isidingo sezingubo, ukudla, nezinye izimpahla zabathengi. Lokhu kufunwa okukhulu kwabe sekukhuthaza ukusungula izinto ezintsha ekukhiqizeni.
Izici Ezibangela Uguquko Lwezimboni eNgilandi
Kunezici eziningana eziyinhloko ezenza ukuthi iNguquko Yezimboni ivele okokuqala eNgilandi.
Okokuqala, iBrithani yayicebile ngemithombo yemvelo, ikakhulukazi amalahle kanye ne-iron ore. Amalahle ayebalulekile njengomthombo wamandla wokunika amandla izinjini zomusi kanye nokushisa izitofu zokuncibilikisa insimbi. Ukutholakala kwalezi zinto zokusetshenziswa kunciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza futhi kwaqinisekisa ukutholakala okuzinzile.
Okwesibili, iNguquko Yezolimo yanikeza isisekelo esibalulekile. Izinguquko kumasu ezolimo, njengokusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo zokushintshanisa izitshalo, umanyolo ongcono, kanye namathuluzi okulima asebenza kahle, kwandise isivuno sezitshalo. Ngenxa yalokho, isidingo sabasebenzi emapulazini sehla, futhi izakhamuzi eziningi zasemakhaya zathuthela emadolobheni ziyofuna umsebenzi. Lokhu kufuduka kwadala abasebenzi abasha, abaningi emafektri.
Okwesithathu, ukuzinza kwezepolitiki kanye nohlelo lwezomthetho lwase-UK kusekela umsebenzi wezomnotho. Amalungelo empahla aqinile, ukuvikelwa kokutshalwa kwezimali, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezikhungo zezimali ezifana namabhange kanye nezimakethe zezimali kukhuthaza osomabhizinisi ukuthi batshale imali emabhizinisini amasha.
Okwesine, iBrithani yayinenethiwekhi yezokuthutha ethuthukisiwe. Imisele, imifula, kanye nezitimela zakamuva kwenza kwaba lula ukuthuthwa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa eziya ezimbonini kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwezimpahla eziqediwe ezimakethe zasekhaya nezamazwe ngamazwe. Le ngqalasizinda yehlisa izindleko zokuthutha futhi yasheshisa ukuhweba.
Ukusungula Izinto Ezintsha Kwezobuchwepheshe: Inhliziyo Yenguquko Yezimboni
I-Industrial Revolution yayihlobene kakhulu nokutholakala nokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obusha, ikakhulukazi embonini yezindwangu nezamandla.
Imboni yezindwangu kwakuyiyona mboni eyathola intuthuko yokuqala. Ukusungulwa kukaJames Hargreaves kwe-Spinning Jenny ngo-1764 kwavumela isisebenzi esisodwa ukuthi siphothe inqwaba yentambo ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, uRichard Arkwright wasungula i-Water Frame, eyayisebenzisa amandla amanzi ukuphotha intambo eqinile necolekile. USamuel Crompton wabe esehlanganisa izinzuzo zemishini eminingana ku-Spinning Mule, okwaholela ekwandeni okusheshayo kokukhiqizwa kwentambo kokubili ngobuningi nangekhwalithi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uJames Watt wenza intuthuko enkulu enjinini yomusi ngawo-1760 nango-1770. Injini yomusi kaWatt yayisebenza kahle kakhulu kuneyangaphambili, okwenza ukuthi isetshenziswe ezimbonini eziningi, ingasagcini ezindaweni eziseduze nemithombo yamanzi. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinjini zomusi kwakhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwamafektri amakhulu, kwanda umkhiqizo, futhi kwasheshisa uguquko lwezomnotho.
Intuthuko yenzeka nasembonini yensimbi. Amasu okuncibilikisa insimbi asebenza kahle kakhulu, ukusetshenziswa kwamalahle okupheka, kanye nentuthuko ekwenzeni insimbi kwenza iBrithani yakwazi ukukhiqiza imishini, izitimela, amabhuloho, kanye nemishini yezimboni ngezinga elikhulu. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwadala umjikelezo wentuthuko: kwakhiqizwa imishini eminingi, umkhiqizo wanda, futhi isidingo semishini sakhula.
Ukuvela Kohlelo Lwefektri Nokufudukela Kwasemadolobheni
Esinye sezici ezibalulekile zeNguquko Yezimboni kwakuwukushintsha kokukhiqiza ekhaya kuya ohlelweni lwefektri. Amafektri ahlanganisa abasebenzi ndawonye endaweni eyodwa enemishini emikhulu, okuvumela ukuthi inqubo yokukhiqiza iqashwe, ibekwe ezingeni elifanayo, futhi isheshiswe. Amahora okusebenza aba njalo, isiyalo siqine, kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwabasebenzi kwaba okuqondile kakhulu.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukusabalala kwamadolobha kwanda kakhulu. Amadolobha afana neManchester, iBirmingham, iLiverpool, neLeeds athuthuka aba yizikhungo zezimboni. IManchester yayaziwa ngokuthi "idolobha likakotini" ngoba yayiyinhliziyo yemboni yezindwangu. Lokhu kukhula okusheshayo kwamadolobha kwaba nomthelela ophindwe kabili: ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwadala imisebenzi eminingi namathuba ebhizinisi, kodwa ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwabangela izinkinga zomphakathi njengokuminyana kwabantu, ukuhlanzeka okubi, ukungcola, kanye nezindlu zokuhlala ezimijondolo.
Umthelela Wezenhlalo: Isigaba Sabasebenzi Nokungalingani
Inguquko Yezimboni yaletha izinguquko ezinkulu esakhiweni sezenhlalo. Kwavela isigaba esisha esiphakathi, esakhiwa abanikazi bezimboni, abathengisi ngobuningi, kanye nochwepheshe, ababejabulela izinzuzo zokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inani labasebenzi basezimbonini landa ngokushesha. Babesebenza ngamaholo aphansi, amahora amade (ngokuvamile amahora angu-12-16 ngosuku), futhi besebenza ezimweni zokusebenza eziyingozi.
Abesifazane nezingane babevame ukuqashwa ngoba babekhokhelwa kancane. Izingane zazivame ukusebenza ezimbonini zezindwangu noma ezimayini zamalahle, zibhekene nengozi yezingozi nokugula. Lezi zimo zathola ukugxekwa kwabashisekeli bezinguquko futhi zavusa izinhlangano zomphakathi kanye nemithethonqubo yabasebenzi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uhulumeni waseBrithani waphasisa imithetho efana ne-Factory Acts ukuze kuncishiswe amahora okusebenza ezingane futhi kuthuthukiswe izimo zasefektri.
Ukungalingani kwezomnotho nakho kuyinkinga enkulu. Ingcebo igxile ezandleni zabatshalizimali, kuyilapho abasebenzi bephila ngezinto ezidingekayo. Ukungezwani phakathi kwabasebenzi nabanikazi befektri kuye kwabangela izinyunyana kanye nezinhlangano zabasebenzi ezifuna amaholo amahle, amahora okusebenza anobuntu, kanye namalungelo abasebenzi.
Umthelela Wezomnotho Nomhlaba Wonke
Ngokomnotho, iNguquko Yezimboni yenza iBrithani yaba yisizwe sezimboni esinamandla kakhulu sekhulu le-19. Ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi kwehlisa intengo yezimpahla futhi kwandise inani lokuhweba. IBrithani yakwazi ukuthumela izindwangu, imishini, nezinye izimpahla zezimboni emazweni amaningi. Lokhu kuqina kwezimboni kwaqinisa nokubusa kweBrithani kwezohwebo lomhlaba futhi kwandisa ithonya layo lobukoloni, njengoba amakoloni aba kokubili imithombo yezinto zokusetshenziswa kanye nezimakethe zezimpahla eziqediwe.
I-Industrial Revolution ayizange iphele eNgilandi. Ubuchwepheshe bayo kanye namamodeli okukhiqiza kwasakazekela eYurophu, e-United States, bese kuba emhlabeni wonke. Ngakho-ke, izehlakalo ezaqala eNgilandi zasiza ekwakheni uhlelo lwesimanje lomnotho womhlaba, okuhlanganisa nokwanda kobungxowankulu bezimboni kanye nokuncintisana kwamazwe ngamazwe ekukhiqizeni.
Isiphetho
Inguquko Yezimboni eNgilandi yaba yinguquko enkulu emlandweni wempucuko yabantu. Ukushintsha kusuka emsebenzini wabantu kanye nomsebenzi wasekhaya kuya emishinini kanye nasezimbonini kwaguqula cishe zonke izici zokuphila: ezomnotho, ezenhlalo, ezamasiko, kanye nezepolitiki. Nakuba kwaletha intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe, ukwanda komkhiqizo, kanye nokukhula komnotho okungavamile, kwadala nezinselele zomphakathi njengokuxhashazwa kwabasebenzi, ukusabalala kwamadolobha okungalawulwa, kanye nokungalingani. Ngokuqonda iNguquko Yezimboni eNgilandi, singabona ukuthi ubuchwepheshe kanye nezinhlelo zezomnotho zaguqula kanjani umhlaba—futhi siqaphele ukuthi yonke intuthuko ihambisana nesidingo sezinqubomgomo kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo womphakathi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinzuzo zayo zizwakala ngokulinganayo yiwo wonke amazinga omphakathi.
