Umlando Wobugqila e-United States: Kusukela Ekuqaleni Kuya Ekupheleni
Ubugqila bungenye yezigaba ezimnyama kakhulu emlandweni wesintu. E-United States, umkhuba wobugqila waqhubeka iminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili futhi washiya ifa elijulile neliyinkimbinkimbi esizweni. Lesi sihloko sihlose ukuchaza umlando wobugqila e-United States kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo kuze kube sekuqedweni kwawo ngemva kweMpi Yombango.
Ukuqala Kobugqila Enhlabathini YaseMelika
Ubugqila eMelika baqala ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16, ngemva kokufika kwabahloli bamazwe baseYurophu. Ngo-1619, umkhumbi waseNgilandi waletha abantu base-Afrika bokuqala abangu-20 eJamestown, eVirginia. Lokhu kwaba ukuqala okusemthethweni kobugqila emakoloni aseNgilandi eNyakatho Melika.
Ngaleso sikhathi, ubugqila babulawulwa kabi futhi izinhlobo zabo zazilinganiselwe. Ezinye izigqila zazingathola inkululeko ngemva kokusebenza isikhathi esithile (indentured servitude). Kodwa-ke, njengoba isikhathi sihamba futhi imboni yezolimo, ikakhulukazi ugwayi nokotini, ikhula, isidingo sabasebenzi abashibhile nabangenamkhawulo sanda ngokushesha. Lokhu kwaletha ushintsho olukhulu ebugqilini e-United States.
Ukugunyazwa Kwemithetho Nezikhungo Zobugqila
Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-17 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18, amakoloni aseMelika adlulisa imithetho eyaqinisa ubugqila futhi yabubeka esimeni. EVirginia, ngo-1662, umthetho omusha wawuthi inkululeko yomuntu noma isimo sakhe sobugqila sinqunywa yisimo sikanina. Lokhu kwakusho ukuthi izingane ezizalwa omama abayizigqila zaziyoba yizigqila ngokuzenzakalelayo, okudala umjikelezo wobugqila wefa.
Izifundazwe zaseNingizimu zaba yisikhungo esikhulu kunazo zonke sobugqila e-United States. Ngokuthuthuka kwemboni yekotini, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokusungulwa kuka-Eli Whitney kwe-gin yekotini ngo-1793, isidingo sokusebenza njengezigqila sanda kakhulu. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, abantu base-Afrika kanye nabantu base-Afrika abangaphezu kwesigidi baphoqeleka ukusebenza emasimini kulo lonke elaseNingizimu.
Impilo Yezigqila
Impilo yezigqila e-United States yayinzima futhi ingenabuntu. Zaziphoqwa ukusebenza amahora amaningi emasimini ngaphandle kwamalungelo noma inkululeko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isijeziso esinzima ngokomzimba sasivame ukusetshenziswa njengendlela yokulawula. Izigqila nazo zazingenawo amalungelo asemthethweni futhi zaziphoqeleka ukuba zihlale ezimweni ezicindezelayo kakhulu.
Izimpilo zemindeni yezigqila nazo zazingaqiniseki njalo. Imindeni yayivame ukuhlukaniswa ukuhweba ngezigqila, lapho amadoda, abafazi, nezingane babengathengiswa kubanikazi abahlukene.
Ukulwa Nokumelana
Naphezu kokucindezelwa okungavamile, izigqila azizange zithule. Zazihileleka ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zokumelana, kusukela ekubhubhiseni amathuluzi okusebenza kanye nokubalekela ukuvukela ngezikhali. Enye yezihlubuki zezigqila ezidumile kakhulu kwakuyi-Rebellion kaNat Turner ngo-1831 eVirginia. UTurner, isigqila nomholi ongokomoya owaziwayo, wahola iqembu lezigqila ekuhlaselweni okwaholela ekufeni kwabantu abamhlophe ababalelwa ku-60. Ngeshwa, ukuvukela kwacindezelwa, kwathi uNat Turner wabulawa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlangano kanye namanethiwekhi afana ne-Underground Railroad asize izigqila ukuba zibalekele emazweni aseNyakatho noma eCanada. Abantu abanjengoHarriet Tubman, owayeyisigqila owayesebenza njengomqondisi kanye nomqondisi wezigqila eziningi ezibalekile, badlale indima ebalulekile kulezi nethiwekhi.
Inhlangano Elwa Nobugqila
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, inhlangano yabantu abalwela ukuqedwa kobugqila yaqala ukudlondlobala. Iningi labasekeli bayo kwakungamaQuaker, ayekholelwa ukuthi ubugqila buyisono esibulalayo. Omunye wabantu abaphambili kuyo kwakunguWilliam Lloyd Garrison, owashicilela iphephandaba labantu abalwela ukuqedwa kobugqila, i-"The Liberator," ngo-1831.
Kwabekwa nemithetho eyahlukahlukene ukuze kuncishiswe ubugqila. Isibonelo, uMthetho Wokuhweba Ngezigqila ka-1807 wawuvimbela ukungeniswa kwezigqila e-United States. Naphezu kwalokhu, umkhuba wobugqila waqhubeka ngaphakathi ezweni.
Ukungezwani Okuholela Empini Yombango
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, udaba lobugqila lwaba namandla kakhulu kwezombusazwe zaseMelika, okwabangela ukungezwani phakathi kwezifundazwe zaseNyakatho ezazikhula ngokushesha kanye nezifundazwe zaseNingizimu ezazisalokhu zithembele kwezolimo ezisekelwe ezigqileni. Lokhu kungqubuzana kwacaca ochungechungeni lwezehlakalo, kusukela ku-Missouri Compromise ka-1820, lapho izifundazwe ezintsha kwadingeka zinqume ukuthi zizoba yizigqila noma zikhululekile, kuya ku-Dred Scott Case ka-1857, lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma khona ukuthi ama-Afrika aseMelika, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ayizigqila noma ayizikhululekile, ayengeke abe yizakhamuzi.
Impi Yombango YaseMelika Nokuphela Kobugqila
Lokhu kungezwani okungenakugwenywa kwagcina kugqashuke eMpini Yombango yaseMelika ngo-1861, ngemuva kokuba u-Abraham Lincoln ekhethwe njengoMongameli futhi izifundazwe eziningana zaseNingizimu zavotela ukuhlukana ne-Union. Impi yaqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngu-1865 futhi yabangela amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu abafa kuzo zombili izinhlangothi.
Ngomhlaka-1 Januwari 1863, uMongameli uLincoln wakhipha iSimemezelo Sokukhululwa, ememezela ukuthi bonke abantu abagqilazwe emazweni avukelayo bakhululekile. Nakuba lesi simemezelo singazange sikhulule ngokushesha zonke izigqila, kwakuyisinyathelo esibalulekile esingokomfanekiso sokuqeda ubugqila.
Ekugcineni, ngoJanuwari 31, 1865, iSichibiyelo Seshumi Nantathu savunywa yiCongress, saqeda ngokusemthethweni ubugqila kulo lonke elase-United States. Ngakho-ke, ukuphela kweMpi Yombango kwaphawula nokuphela komkhuba osemthethweni wobugqila ezweni.
Ifa Lobugqila
Nakuba ubugqila baqedwa ngokusemthethweni, umthelela wabo usazwakala nanamuhla. Ngemva kokukhululwa, izigqila eziningi zangaphambili kanye nenzalo yazo zaphila ebuphofwini obukhulu futhi zaqhubeka nokubhekana nokucwaswa ngokohlanga.
Isikhathi sokuvuselelwa kweMpi Yombango sazama ukuhlanganisa izigqila zangaphambili emphakathini ngezinhlelo nemithetho eyahlukahlukene, kodwa futhi sabhekana nokuphikiswa okukhulu kokubili kwezenhlalo nakwezepolitiki. Izinhlangano ezifana neKu Klux Klan zavela futhi zasebenzisa ubudlova ukuze zilondoloze ubukhosi babamhlophe.
Ngekhulu lama-20, kwavela inhlangano yamalungelo oluntu ukuze ilwele ukulingana nobulungiswa kubantu baseMelika abansundu. Abantu abanjengoMartin Luther King Jr. nabanye abaningi babengamaphayona ekuqedeni ukungabi nabulungisa okuhleliwe okwaqala enkathini yobugqila.
I-Penutup
Umlando wobugqila e-United States uyindaba yokuhlupheka nokucindezelwa, kodwa futhi nokumelana, isibindi, nethemba. Kuyifa eliyinkimbinkimbi elidinga ukuzindla okujulile nokuqonda okujulile. Ukufunda nokuqonda lesi sahluko esimnyama emlandweni waseMelika kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile sokubuyisana nobulungiswa kuzo zonke izakhamuzi.
