Isikhathi sikaVictoria kanye neNtuthuko yaseNgilandi
Isikhathi sikaVictoria (1837–1901) siphawula esinye sezikhathi ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni waseBrithani. Ukubusa kweNdlovukazi uVictoria kwakungeyona nje isikhathi esithile, kodwa kwakuyisikhathi soguquko olukhulu olwaguqula iBrithani yaba umbuso womhlaba wonke onethonya elikhulu kwezomnotho, kwezepolitiki, kwezamasiko, kanye nezobuchwepheshe. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, iBrithani yabhekana nentuthuko esheshayo ngenxa yeNguquko Yezimboni, ukwanda kombuso, ukuguqulwa kwezenhlalo, kanye nentuthuko yesayensi. Kodwa-ke, ngaphansi komfanekiso wokuchuma nentuthuko kwakunokungalingani okuhlukahlukene kwezenhlalo, ukuxhashazwa kwamakoloni, kanye nezinkinga zokuziphatha ezakha isimo esiyinkimbinkimbi somphakathi waseVictoria.
Ingemuva: Ukuvuka kweVictoria kanye nesimo saseNgilandi
INdlovukazi uVictoria yathatha isihlalo sobukhosi ngo-1837 njengoba iBrithani yayisivele isendleleni eya ekuthuthukisweni kwezimboni. I-Industrial Revolution yaqala ukukhula kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, kodwa kwakungesikhathi se-Victorian lapho umthelela wayo wafinyelela khona esicongweni: amafektri achuma, amadolobha anda, kanye nendlela yokuphila yashintsha kakhulu. Abantu basemakhaya bathutheleka emadolobheni befuna imisebenzi, okwadala ukukhula okusheshayo kwamadolobha okwakungahlali kuhambisana nezindlu ezanele, ukuhlanzeka, kanye nezinsizakalo zomphakathi.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iBrithani yathuthukisa uhlelo lwezepolitiki lwasephalamende oluzinzile. Nakuba inkosi noma indlovukazi yahlala iwuphawu olubalulekile, amandla kahulumeni ayebuswa kakhulu yikhabhinethi kanye nephalamende. Lesi sikhathi sabona ukuqwashisa komphakathi okukhulayo ngezindaba zomphakathi nezepolitiki, ikakhulukazi ngezindaba ezikhula ngokushesha.
Inguquko Yezimboni: Imishini, Amafektri, Namadolobha
Intuthuko yaseNgilandi ngesikhathi senkathi kaVictoria yayihlobene kakhulu neNguquko Yezimboni. Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe efana nenjini yomusi, imishini yokuphotha nokweluka, kanye nokusetshenziswa kabanzi kwamalahle kwakhulisa umkhiqizo. Izimboni zezindwangu, insimbi, kanye nezezimayini zaba umgogodla womnotho. Inethiwekhi yezitimela nayo yanda kakhulu, ixhumanisa amadolobha ezimboni njengeManchester, iLiverpool, iBirmingham, neLondon.
Izitimela azigcinanga nje ngokusheshisa ukuthutha kwezimpahla nabantu kodwa futhi nezimakethe zezwe ezihlangene. Amanani ayezinzile, ukusatshalaliswa kwakushesha, futhi izindawo ezazingasasebenzi ngaphambili zazixhunyiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-telegraph yandisa isivinini sokuxhumana, yakha umuzwa wokuthi iBrithani yayingena enkathini yesimanje.
Nokho, ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni kwaletha uhlangothi olumnyama. Izisebenzi zasefektri, okuhlanganisa abesifazane nezingane, zazivame ukubhekana namahora amade okuthola amaholo aphansi. Izindawo ezihlala abantu abampofu emadolobheni ezimboni zaba izimpawu zokungalingani. Ikhwalithi yomoya yonakala ngenxa yokungcola, kuyilapho imifula yayingcoliswa yimfucuza yezimboni. Intuthuko yezomnotho yavela, kodwa ayizange ihlale iholela ekuchumeni okusabalele.
Ukuguqulwa Komphakathi Nokushintsha Kwezigaba
Umphakathi waseVictoria uvame ukuhlotshaniswa nokuziphatha, ukusebenza kanzima, kanye nokuzithiba. Inani "lokuhlonishwa" (ukuhlonishwa komphakathi) laba yinto ebalulekile, ikakhulukazi esigabeni esiphakathi esikhula ngokushesha. Isigaba esiphakathi sasihlanganisa osomabhizinisi, ochwepheshe, izisebenzi zikahulumeni, kanye nabathengisi abazuze emnothweni wezimboni kanye nokuhweba komhlaba wonke. Bacindezela izinguquko kwezemfundo, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, kanye nokuhlelwa kwedolobha ukuze kuhambisane nemigomo yentuthuko.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isigaba sabasebenzi saqala ukuthuthukisa ubuwena obuhlangene. Inhlangano yabasebenzi yakhula, naphezu kokucindezelwa okuvamile. Izinyunyana zabasebenzi zathola indawo kancane kancane, futhi imithetho ehlukahlukene yaqala ukulawula amahora okusebenza, ukuphepha, kanye namalungelo abasebenzi. Izinguquko zenzeka nasendaweni yokhetho—ngeMithetho Yokuguqulwa—eyandisa kancane kancane amalungelo okuvota, yize abesifazane bathola amalungelo okuvota abalulekile ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20.
Imfundo yathuthuka kakhulu. Ohulumeni nezinhlangano ezisiza umphakathi basungula izikole, bandisa ukufunda nokubhala, futhi bakhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwabasebenzi abanamakhono amaningi. Intuthuko yezemfundo nayo yakhuthaza isiko lokufunda: amaphephandaba, amanoveli, nomagazini kwasetshenziswa kabanzi.
Umbuso WaseBrithani: Ukwanda kanye Nomphumela Wawo
Isikhathi sikaVictoria saphawula isiqongo sokwanda koMbuso WaseBrithani. IBrithani yandisa futhi yaqinisa amandla ayo eNdiya, e-Afrika, eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, nakwezinye izifunda. I-India yaba "itshe eliyigugu" lombuso, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokuthatha kwayo iBrithani ngokuqondile ngo-1858 ngemuva kweSepoy Mutiny (1857). Ngaphezu kokuthumela izimpahla zezimboni kwamanye amazwe, iBrithani yaphinde yangenisa izinto zokusetshenziswa ezivela emakoloni: ukotini, itiye, ushukela, nezinongo.
Lo mbuso walethela iBrithani izinzuzo ezinkulu, waqinisa umnotho wayo kanye nesimo sayo sezepolitiki. ILondon yavela njengesikhungo sezezimali somhlaba wonke, lapho amabhange, izinkampani zomshuwalense, kanye nokuhweba kwamazwe ngamazwe kukhula ngamandla. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kwanda kwakhiwe naphezu kokungalingani okukhulu: ukuxhashazwa kwezomnotho, ukufakwa kwezinqubomgomo zobukoloni, kanye nezingxabano ezashiya imiphumela ehlala njalo emiphakathini yobukoloni.
Ngombono weVictorian, umqondo "womsebenzi wokuthuthukisa" wawuvame ukusetshenziswa ukuthethelela ubukoloniyali. Kodwa-ke, iqiniso elikhona lalivame ukukhombisa ukuthi ukuxhashazwa nokubusa kwakuyinto ebalulekile ebuhlotsheni bobukhosi. Kwavela ukugxekwa kobukoloniyali, kodwa ukubusa kobukhosi kwahlala kuyisici esibalulekile saseBrithani phakathi nalesi sikhathi.
Intuthuko Yesayensi Namasiko
Isikhathi sikaVictoria saphawulwa futhi ngentuthuko kwesayensi eyathonya indlela abantu ababebheka ngayo umhlaba. Ukutholwa okusha kanye nemibono kwashintsha ukuqonda kwemvelo, impilo kanye nomphakathi. Ingqophamlando ebalulekile kwakuyinkolelo-mbono kaCharles Darwin yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, eyanyatheliswa ngo-1859 encwadini ethi On the Origin of Species. Le nkolelo-mbono yavusa impikiswano ebalulekile, ikakhulukazi mayelana nobudlelwano phakathi kwesayensi nenkolo.
Emkhakheni wezempilo, izinguquko zokuhlanzeka kanye nokuqonda izifo kwaqhubeka. Amadolobha aqala ukwakha izinhlelo zokulahla indle nokuhlinzeka ngamanzi ahlanzekile. Nakuba zingasebenzi ngokuphelele, lezi zinyathelo zanciphisa ukuqubuka kwezifo futhi zandisa isikhathi sokuphila.
Isiko elidumile laseVictoria lalibonakala ngethonya elinamandla lezincwadi. Ababhali abanjengoCharles Dickens bakhuluma ngezinkinga zobumpofu, umsebenzi wezingane, kanye nokungabi nabulungisa kwezenhlalo emisebenzini efinyeleleka emphakathini. Amanoveli aba yindlela eyinhloko yokuzindla kwezenhlalo. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ubuciko kanye nezakhiwo kwachuma nge-Gothic Revival, futhi ukusungulwa kweminyuziyamu, imitapo yolwazi, kanye nezikhungo zamasiko kwaqinisekisa ukuziqhenya kwesizwe.
Inqubomgomo Yezangaphandle kanye Namandla Omhlaba Wonke
Intuthuko yeBrithani njenge-"superpower" yekhulu le-19 yayixhumene kakhulu nemikhumbi yayo enamandla. IBrithani yayilawula imizila ebalulekile yokuhweba futhi igcina ukubuswa yimikhumbi. Inqubomgomo yangaphandle yayivame ukuqondiswa ekuzinzeni kweYurophu kanye nokuvikelwa kwezintshisekelo zokuhweba zomhlaba wonke. Izimpi ezifana neMpi YaseCrimea (1853-1856) zabonisa ukubandakanyeka kweBrithani kwezepolitiki zomhlaba wonke.
Ezweni lakithi, kwavela impikiswano phakathi kwezinqubomgomo zezomnotho ezikhululekile (ukuhweba ngokukhululekile) kanye nezidingo zokuvikelwa komphakathi kwabampofu. IBrithani nayo yabhekana nemibuzo yobuzwe, ikakhulukazi njengoba i-Ireland yayifuna ukuzimela okukhulu. Umbuzo wase-Ireland waba ngenye yezinkinga zezepolitiki eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19.
Ukuphikisana Kwesikhathi SikaVictoria: Intuthuko Nokungalingani
Isikhathi sikaVictoria sivame ukukhunjulwa njengesikhathi sokunqoba, kodwa ukuphikisana kwakuyisici saso esibalulekile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iBrithani yathuthuka ngokushesha embonini, kwisayensi, nasezikhungweni zikahulumeni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubumpofu, umsebenzi ongaqiniseki, kanye nokungalingani kwezigaba kwahlala kuqinile. Ukuziphatha komphakathi okugcizelela ukuhleleka kwakuvame ukuhambisana namaqiniso anzima omphakathi: ukusebenza kwezingane, izindlu ezingcolile, kanye nempilo embi.
Ngisho naphakathi kwabantu abaphezulu, kwakukhona ukukhathazeka ngomthelela wokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni: ukulahlekelwa yisiko, ukwanda kobugebengu, kanye nokungezwani komphakathi. Izinguquko eziningi azizange zivele ngenxa yokucabanga okuhle kuphela kodwa futhi nokwesaba ukuthi ukungabi nabulungisa okungalawulwa kungabangela ingxabano.
I-Penutup
Isikhathi sikaVictoria sasiyisikhathi sokwakheka kweBrithani yanamuhla. Phakathi kuka-1837 no-1901, iBrithani yavela njengesikhungo sezimboni nezezimali somhlaba wonke, ihola ekusungulweni kwezobuchwepheshe, yandisa umbuso wayo, futhi yakha amasiko nezikhungo ezihlala njalo. Ukukhiqiza kwanda, amadolobha akhula, futhi uhlelo lwezepolitiki lwashintshela ekubambeni iqhaza okukhulu. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuthuthuka kwaba nenani elikhulu kwabasebenzi nakubantu bamakoloni.
Ukuqonda iNkathi kaVictoria kusho ukubona izinhlangothi ezimbili: impumelelo enkulu yentuthuko kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwesimanje, kodwa futhi nezinkinga zokungalingani kwezenhlalo kanye nokubusa kombuso. Lokhu kusenza siqonde ukuthi kungani iBrithani yangena ekhulwini lama-20 njengombuso wezwe onethonya, kodwa futhi inefa eliyinkimbinkimbi eliqhubeka lixoxwa kuze kube namuhla.
